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[URL] http://sdic.sookmyung.ac.kr/BULLETIN.HTML

MAY, 1996




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  1. NEW DRUG EVALUATION[½Å¾àÆò°¡]
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NEW DRUG EVALUATION

---- edited by ÃÖ ¼ºÁÖ, ÀÌ ¼÷Çâ Pharm.D.----

TACRINE

A centrally active acetylcholinesterase inhibitor

Click on your interest
  1. È­ÇÐÀû ¼º»ó(Chemistry)
  2. ÀÛ¿ë±âÀü(Mechanism of action)
  3. ¾àµ¿ÇÐ(Pharmacokinetics)
  4. Àû¿ë¹üÀ§(Clinical uses)
  5. ºÎÀÛ¿ë(Adverse effect)
  6. ¾à¹°»óÈ£ÀÛ¿ë(Drug interaction)
  7. ¿ë·® ¹× ¿ë¹ý(Dosage)
  8. Á¦Á¶¿ø/Á¦Çü(Preparations)

È­ÇÐÀû ¼º»ó(Chemistry)

Tacrine hydrochloride´Â ÁßÃß¿¡ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ´Â °¡¿ªÀûÀÎ acetylcholinesterase ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ÀÎ monoamine acridineÀ¸·Î¼­ È­ÇиíÀº 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-acridinamine monohydrochloride monohydrateÀ̸ç, tetrahydroaminoacridine ȤÀº THA·Îµµ ºÒ¸®¿î´Ù. TacrineÀº ÇϾá»öÀÇ °íü·Î¼­ ¹°¿¡ Àß ³ìÀ¸¸ç, methanol, ethanol, propylene glycol µî¿¡µµ Àß ³ì´Â´Ù. ±¸Á¶´Â ¾Æ·¡ ±×¸²°ú °°´Ù.



ÀÛ¿ë±âÀü(Mechanism of action)

TacrineÀº acetylcholineÀ» °¡¼öºÐÇØ½ÃŰ´Â È¿¼ÒÀÎ acetylcholinesterase ¹× butylcholinesterase¿¡ °¡¿ªÀûÀ¸·Î °áÇÕÇÏ¿© ºñȰ¼ºÈ­½ÃÅ´À¸·Î¼­ acetylcholineÀÌ muscarine ¼ö¿ëü¿¡ º¸´Ù ¸¹ÀÌ °áÇÕÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·ÏÇÏ¿© ±× È¿°ú¸¦ Áö¼Ó½Ã۰í Áõ´ë½ÃŲ´Ù. Alzheimer's disease´Â ³úÀÇ choline ¼¼Æ÷ ƯÈ÷, ±â¾ï·Â°ú Àνķ¿¡ °ü°èÇÏ´Â ÀüµÎ¿±°ú ÃøµÎ¿±À» ÅëÁ¦ÇÏ´Â ÇÇÁú·Î ¼ÒÅëÇÏ´Â axon°ú nucleus mynert¿¡¼­ ±â¿øÇÏ´Â ½Å°æ¼¼Æ÷ÀÇ ¼Õ½Ç°ú °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î tacrineÀÇ acetylcholine Áõ°¡´Â muscarine È¿°ú¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃÄÑ ±â¾ï·Â°ú ÀνķÂÀ» Çâ»ó½Ãų °ÍÀ̶ó ÃßÃøµÈ´Ù.
±× ¹Û¿¡ ÁßÃß¿¡ ÀÖ´Â sodium°ú potassium channelsÀ» ¼±ÅÃÀûÀ¸·Î Â÷´ÜÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÇÏ¿© acetylcholineÀ» ¹æÃâÇÏ´Â ÀÛ¿ëµµ ³ªÅ¸³»¸ç, nicotine°ú muscarine ¼ö¿ëü¿¡ Á÷Á¢ ÀÛ¿ëÇÏ¿© ´ë³úÇÇÁú¿¡ ÀÖ´Â synapses¿¡ cholinergic activity¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃŰ´Â ÀÛ¿ëµµ ³ªÅ¸³»³ª, ¾à¸®ÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î¼­ÀÇ Àǹ̴ ¾ø´Ù.

¾àµ¿ÇÐ(Pharmacokinetics)

Èí¼ö(Absorption)

°æ±¸Åõ¿©½Ã ºü¸£°Ô Èí¼öµÇ¸ç, °£¿¡¼­ÀÇ ÃÊȸÅë°ú´ë»çÈ¿°ú (first pass metabolism)°¡ Ä¿¼­ »ýüÀÌ¿ëÀ²ÀÌ Alzheimer's disease ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô¼­ 2.4-36%·Î ³·ÀºÆíÀ̸ç, °í¿ë·®Àϼö·Ï »ýüÀÌ¿ëÀ²ÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÏ´Â ºñ¼±Çü ¾àµ¿ÇÐ (nonlinear kinetics)À» º¸À̴µ¥ ÃÊȸÅë°úÈ¿¼Ò(first-pass enzyme)ÀÇ Æ÷È­¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ cytochrome P-450 IA2 isozymeÀÌ »ó´ëÀûÀ¸·Î ÀûÀº ¿©¼ºÀÌ ³²¼ºº¸´Ù »ýüÀÌ¿ëÀ²ÀÌ ³ô¾Æ Ç÷Áß³óµµ°¡ 50% Á¤µµ ³ô´Ù. ÃÖ°íÇ÷Áß³óµµ´Â °æ±¸Åõ¿©ÈÄ 0.5-2½Ã°£³»¿¡ µµ´ÞÇϸç, ÀÛ¿ë½Ã°£Àº 8-16½Ã°£À¸·Î physostigmineº¸´Ù ±æ´Ù.
À½½Ä°ú ÇÔ²² Åõ¿©½Ã »ýüÀÌ¿ëÀ²ÀÌ 30-40% Á¤µµ °¨¼ÒÇϹǷΠÀû¾îµµ ½Ä»çÇϱâ 1½Ã°£ Àü¿¡ Åõ¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù.

ºÐÆ÷(Distribution)

Á¶Á÷¿¡ Àß ºÐÆ÷Çϸç, ´Ü¹é°áÇÕÀ²ÀÌ ¾à 55% Á¤µµ ÀÌ´Ù. ³ú-Ç÷°ü°ü¹®(blood-brain barrier)À» ½±°Ô Åë°úÇÏ¸ç ³úô¼ö¾× ´ë Ç÷Á߳󵵺ñ°¡ 0.74ÀÌ´Ù. ºÐÆ÷¿ëÀûÀº amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ 100-678 L(mean= 349)ÀÌ´Ù.

´ë»ç(Metabolism) ¹× ¹è¼³(Elimination)

ÁÖ·Î °£¿¡¼­ cytochrome P-450 IA2 isozyme¿¡ ÀÇÇØ hydroxylationµÇ¾î Æ÷ÇÕ°úÁ¤À» °ÅÃÄ ´ë»çµÈ´Ù. 1% ¹Ì¸¸ÀÌ ¹Ìº¯È­Ã¼·Î ¿ä·Î ¹è¼³µÈ´Ù.
Èí¿¬ÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì cytochrome P-450 À¯µµ¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ºñÈí¿¬ÀÚº¸´Ù ´õ ¸¹ÀÌ ´ë»ç¸¦ ¹Þ¾Æ Ç÷Áß³óµµ°¡ ºñÈí¿¬ÀÚÀÇ 1/3 Á¤µµ¹Û¿¡ µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç, Ç÷Áß cytochrome P-450¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ´Â ¾à¹°°ú º´¿ëÅõ¿©½Ã Ç÷Áß³óµµÀÇ º¯È­°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
ÁÖ¿ä ´ë»ç¹°Áß 1-hydroxytacrineÀº cholinesterase ¾ïÁ¦ÀÛ¿ëÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, parent drugº¸´Ù ¹Ý°¨±â°¡ ±æ¸ç, 2-hydroxytacrine°ú 4-hydroxytacrine ¶ÇÇÑ ¾àÇÑ cholinesterase ¾ïÁ¦ÀÛ¿ëÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Ù. Clearance´Â 2.42+/- 0.77 L/minÀ̸ç, ¼Ò½Ç¹Ý°¨±â´Â ¾à 1.5½Ã°£À̳ª, ¿ë·®ÀÌ Áõ°¡ÇÒ¼ö·Ï ±æ¾îÁø´Ù. 25 mgÀ» °æ±¸Åõ¿©½Ã 1.59+/- 0.15½Ã°£À̾úÀ¸³ª, 50 mg Åõ¿©½Ã 2.14+/- 0.24½Ã°£À¸·Î Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ 6½Ã°£¸¶´Ù 10, 20, 30 mgÀ» ¿©·¯¹ø Åõ¿©½Ã ¿ë·®°ú °ü°è¾øÀÌ 2-4½Ã°£ÀÇ ¹Ý°¨±â¸¦ º¸¿´´Ù.

Àû¿ë¹üÀ§(Clinical uses)

TacrineÀº Alzheimer's diseaseÁß¿¡¼­ Ä¡¸Å Ä¡·á¿¡ ´ëÇØ FDA ½ÂÀÎÀ» ¹ÞÀº ¾à¹°·Î¼­ Alzheimer's diseaseÀÇ È¥µ·(confusion), ±â¾ï·Â ¼Ò½Ç µîÀÇ Áõ»óÀ» Ä¡·áÇϴµ¥ »ç¿ëµÈ´Ù.
ÀÓ»ó½ÇÇèÀ» º¸¸é, Ä¡·áÈ¿°ú¿¡ ´ëÇØ ¸¹Àº °³ÀÎÂ÷¸¦ º¸ÀδÙ. 663¸íÀÇ Alzheimer's disease ȯÀÚ¸¦ ´ë»óÀ¸·ÎÇÏ¿© 30ÁÖµ¿¾È placebo ¹× tacrineÀ» 40-160 mgÀ» Åõ¿©ÇÑ ÀÌÁ߸Ͱ˹ý(double-blind method)À» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ½ÇÇè(Margaret J. Knapp et al)¿¡¼­ placebo¿¡ ºñÇØ CIBI, ADAS-cog, FCCA µîÀÇ ¼öÄ¡°¡ Åë°èÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÀǼºÀÖ°Ô Áõ°¡µÇ¾ú´Ù´Â °á°ú¸¦ º¸°íÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ Chatellier and Lacombiez et alÀº 67¸íÀÇ Alzheimer's disease ȯÀÚ¸¦ ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ¿¬±¸¿¡¼­ placebo¿Í tacrine 40-80 mgÀ» ÁØ Áý´Ü»çÀÌ¿¡ MMSE, Stockton scale¿¡¼­ º° Â÷À̸¦ º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù°í º¸°íÇÏ¿´´Ù.
ÇÑÆí tacrineÀÇ ¿ë·®À» ÁÙÀ̰ųª acetylcholine Àü±¸Ã¼¸¦ Áõ°¡½Ã۱â À§ÇØ lecithin(phosphatidylcholine)°ú º´¿ëÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.

ºÎÀÛ¿ë(Adverse effect)

°¡Àå ºó¹øÈ÷ ÀϾ´Â ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î °£µ¶¼ºÀÌ Àִµ¥ Åõ¿©¹ÞÀº ȯÀÚÀÇ °ÅÀÇ Àý¹Ý(48%)ÀÌ Æ¯º°ÇÑ Áõ»ó¾øÀÌ ALT(alanine aminotransferase, sGPT) »ó½ÂÀ» º¸ÀÌ¸ç ±×Áß 2%°¡ Á¤»ó¹üÀ§ÀÇ À­ºÎºÐº¸´Ù 20¹è°¡·® ³ôÀº ¼öÄ¡¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³Â´Ù. 82%´Â Åõ¾àÈÄ 8ÁÖ ³»¿¡, 10%´Â 12ÁÖ ÈÄ¿¡ ALT »ó½ÂÀ» º¸¿´À¸¸ç ¾à Áߴܽà 95%°¡ 69ÀÏ ³»¿¡ Á¤»óÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿Ô´Ù.
½ÉÀåÇ÷°ü°è ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î µå¹°°Ô ÀúÇ÷¾Ð ¹× °íÇ÷¾Ð Áõ¼¼(1%)¸¦ º¸¿´À¸¸ç, ÁßÃ߽Űæ°è Áõ»óÀ¸·Î´Â ÈïºÐ(4%), Á¹¸®¿ò(12%), È¥µ·(7%), ¿îµ¿½ÇÁ¶, ºÒ¸éÁõ(6%), ±â¸é(4%), ÁøÀü(2%) µîÀÇ ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀÌ º¸°íµÇ¾ú´Ù.
À§Àå°ü°è ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î ¿À½É/±¸Åä(28%), ¼³»ç(12%)°¡ ºó¹øÈ÷ ¹ßÇöµÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç ±× ¹Û¿¡ º¹ºÎ ºÒÄè°¨, ½Ä¿åºÎÁø, ÇÏǰ µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.
È£Èí±â°è ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î ºñ¿°(8%)ÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, µå¹°°Ô ±âħ, »ó±âµµ °¨¿°, È£Èí°ï¶õ µîÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù.
±âŸ ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î ±ÙÀ°Åë(9%), ¹ßÇÑ(1%), °á¸·¿°(<1%), µÎµå·¯±â(2%), ¿ä½Ç±Ý, ¿ä·Î°¨¿°(3%) µîÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

¾à¹°»óÈ£ÀÛ¿ë(Drug interaction)

TacrineÀÌ cholinergic transmissionÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŰ¹Ç·Î anticholinergic agents ÀÛ¿ëÀ» Â÷´ÜÇϸç, ¹Ý´ë·Î bethanechol °°Àº cholinomimeticsÀ̳ª neostigmine °°Àº cholinesterase ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ÀÇ ÀÛ¿ë¿¡ ´ëÇØ »ó°¡ ȤÀº »ó½ÂÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÀÏÀ¸ÄÑ µ¶¼ºÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ, succinylcholineÀ̳ª inivacurium¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ±ÙÀÌ¿ÏÀÛ¿ëÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŰ°Å³ª Áö¼Ó½ÃŲ´Ù.
TacrineÀÇ Ç÷Áß³óµµ´Â È¿¼Ò ¾ïÁ¦Á¦ÀÎ cimetidine°ú º´¿ë½Ã Áõ°¡ÇÏ¿© µ¶¼ºÀ» À¯¹ßÇϹǷΠ¿ë·®À» °¨¼Ò½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÏ¸ç ¹Ý´ë·Î Èí¿¬½Ã °¨¼ÒÇÑ´Ù.
Theophylline°ú º´¿ë½Ã cytochrome P-450 È¿¼Ò¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °æÀïÀû ÀúÇØ·Î theophyllineÀÇ Ç÷Áß³óµµ¿Í ¹Ý°¨±â¸¦ 2¹è Á¤µµ Áõ°¡½ÃŰ¹Ç·Î theophyllineÀÇ ¿ë·®À» ÁÙ¿© ÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

¿ë·® ¹× ¿ë¹ý(dosage)

°æ±¸Åõ¿©½Ã ù 6ÁÖµ¿¾È 10 mgÀ» ÇÏ·ç¿¡ 4¹ø ½Ä°£¿¡ Åõ¿©Çϸç, 6ÁÖ¸¶´Ù 40 mg/day¾¿ ÃÖ°í 160 mg/day±îÁö Áõ·®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
Á¤¸ÆÁÖ»ç·Î 0.25-5 mg/kgÀ» Åõ¿©½Ã Alzheimer's disease¿¡¼­ ±â¾ï·ÂÀ» Çâ»ó½ÃÄ×´Ù´Â º¸°í°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
ALT¸¦ Ä¡·áÇϱâ Àü¿¡ ÃøÁ¤Çϰí, Áõ·®ÇϱâÀü ù 18ÁÖµ¿¾È 1ÁÖÀϸ¶´Ù ÃøÁ¤Çϰí ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â 3´Þ¸¶´Ù ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ë·®À» Áõ°¡½ÃÄ×À» °æ¿ì Àû¾îµµ 6ÁÖµ¿¾È 1ÁÖÀÏ¿¡ Çѹø¾¿ ALT¸¦ ÃøÁ¤ÇÑ´Ù. ¾àÀ» °©ÀÚ±â Áß´ÜÇϰųª 80 mgÀÌ»ó¾¿ °¨·®ÇÏ¿´À» °æ¿ì ÀνÄÀå¾Ö°¡ °©Àڱ⠾ÇÈ­µÇ°Å³ª ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀÇ Á¤µµ°¡ ½ÉÇØÁú ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ÁÖÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
ALT°¡ Á¤»ó¹üÀ§ÀÇ À­ºÎºÐ ¼öÄ¡ÀÇ 5¹è ÀÌ»óÀÌ ³Ñ°Å³ª, total bilirubinÀÌ 3 mg/dL ÀÌ»ó µÇ°í Ȳ´ÞÁõ»óÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»¸é Áï½Ã Åõ¾àÀ» Áß´ÜÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª Ȳ´ÞÁõ»ó¾øÀÌ ALT¸¸ »ó½ÂÇÑ °æ¿ì ALT°¡ Á¤»óÀ¸·Î µ¹¾Æ¿ÔÀ»¶§¿¡´Â ´Ù½Ã Åõ¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç 40 mg/day ¿ë·®À¸·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© ALT monitoringÀ» Çϸ鼭 6ÁÖµ¿¾È ALTÀÇ º¯È­¾øÀÌ È¯ÀÚ°¡ °ßµð¸é Áõ·®ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¹Ý¸é¿¡ Ȳ´ÞÁõ»óÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³­ ÈÄÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ´õÀÌ»ó Åõ¾àÇØ¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. 4ÁÖÀÌ»óÀÇ ÀϽÃÀûÀÎ Åõ¾à Áߴܽÿ¡µµ °è¼Ó ALT monitoringÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.
°£Àå¾Ö ȯÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì clearance°¡ °¨¼ÒÇϹǷΠ¿ë·®À» Á¶ÀýÇØ¾ß Çϳª, ½ÅÀå¾Ö ȯÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â tacrine ¹× ±× ´ë»çüÀÇ clearance¿¡ º° ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¹Ç·Î ¿ë·®À» Á¶ÀýÇÒ Çʿ䰡 ¾ø´Ù.
Lecithin(phosphatidylcholine)À» º´¿ëÅõ¿©½Ã 9-10 g/day, tacrineÀº 25 mgÀ» ÇÏ·ç¿¡ 3¹ø Åõ¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ½ÃÀÛÇÏ¿© Á¡Â÷·Î Áõ·®ÇÑ´Ù.

Á¦Á¶¿ø/Á¦Çü(Preparations)

±¹³»¿¡¼­´Â 10, 20, 30, 40 mg capsulesÁ¦Á¦·Î Parke-Davis»ç¿¡¼­ Á¦Á¶ÇÑ Cognex(R)¸¦ Á¦ÀϾàǰ¿¡¼­ 1996³â 2¿ùºÎÅÍ ¼öÀÔ, ½ÃÆÇÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù.


Referrences

  1. Davis KL et al: Tacrine. Lancet 345:625-630 1995
  2. Crismon M et al: Tacrine: First Drug Approved for Alzheimer's Disease. Ann Pharmacotherapy 28:744-751 1994
  3. Forsyth DR et al: Pharmacokinetics of Tacrine Hydrochloride in Alzheimer's Disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther 46:634-641 1989
  4. Hartivig P et al: Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Intravenous and Oral 9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine, Tacrine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 38:259-263 1990
  5. Terrell PS et al: Late-onset Alanine Aminotransferase Increase with Tacrine. Ann Pharmacotherapy 30:301 1996
  6. Watkins PB et al: Hepatotoxic Effects of Tacrine Administration in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. JAMA 271(13):992-998 1994
  7. Knapp MJ et al: A 30-week Randomized Controlled Trial of High-dose Tacrine in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. JAMA 271(13):985-991 1994
  8. Farlow M et al: A Controlled Trial of Tacrine in Alzheimer's Disease. JAMA 268(18):2523-2529 1992
  9. Chatellier G et al: Tacrine(tetrahydroaminoacridine; THA) and Lecithin in Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer type: a Multicentre Trial. BMJ 300:495-499 1990
  10. Gauthier S et al: Tetrahydroaminoacridine-Lecithin Combination Treatment in Patients with Intermediate-stage Alzheimer's Disease. N Engl J Med 322(18):1271-1276 1990
  11. AHFS Drug Information 1995 AHFS pp774-776
  12. Drugdex 1995
  13. Physicians GenRx 1996 Mosby-Year book inc II-1946-II-1950

PHARMACOTHERAPY INFORMATION
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ȯÀÚ°¡ ´©±¸Àΰ¡¸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏÁö¸¸ ³ªÀ̸¦ È®ÀÎÇÏ´Â °Íµµ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. À̴ ȯÀÚÀÇ ³ªÀ̰¡ Ä¡·á¾àÁ¦ÀÇ ¼±Åà ¶Ç´Â º´ÀÇ¿øÀ¸·ÎÀÇ À̼ۿ©ºÎ¸¦ °áÁ¤Çϴµ¥ Áß¿äÇÑ ¿äÀÎÀÌ µÇ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ³ªÀ̾ ¾î¸°ÀÌ¿Í °í·ÉÀÚÀϼö·Ï ÀÏ¹Ý ¼ºÀκ¸´Ù ó¹æ¾àÀÇ Åõ¿©°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ »ó±âµµ°¨¿°¿¡ °É¸®±â°¡ ÈξÀ ½±´Ù.

2) Áõ»óÀÇ Áö¼Ó½Ã°£

°¨±âÁõ»óÀº °©Àڱ⠹߻ýÇϰųª ¸î½Ã°£¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ¼­¼­È÷ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. °©Àڱ⠹߻ýÇÑ °æ¿ì´Â ÀÎǪ·ç¿£ÀÚÀÇ °¨¿°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀÏ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ Å©°í Áõ»óÀÌ ¼­¼­È÷ ³ªÅ¸³­ °æ¿ì´Â ÀϹÝÀû °¨±âÀ̱⠽±´Ù. °¨±âÁõ»óÀº º¸Åë ÀÏÁÖÀϰ£ Áö¼ÓµÇ³ª ±âħ°ú °°Àº Áõ»óÀº °¨±â°¡ ³ºÀº ÈÄ¿¡µµ °è¼ÓµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

3) ¹ßÇöµÈ °¨±âÁõ»ó

Ä๰ ¹× ÄÚ¸·Èû(runny and blocked nose): ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ È¯ÀÚ´Â Ä๰ÀÌ ³ª¸ç óÀ½¿¡´Â ¸¼Àº ¹°°ú °°Àº ¾×üÀ̳ª Á¡Â÷ ÁøÇÏ°í ³óÈÄÇÑ Á¡¾×Áú·Î º¯ÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ºñ°­³»ÀÇ Ç÷°üÀÌ À̿ϵǾî Á¡¸·ÀÌ º×±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ºñÃæÇ÷(nasal congestion)ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϸç ÀÌ´Â Áõ°¡µÈ Á¡¾×ºÐºñ¿Í ÇÔ²² ºñ°­À» Á¼Çô °ø±âÃâÀÔÀ» ¸·°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÏ¸í ¿©¸§°¨±â(summer cold)¶ó ÇÏ´Â °¨±âÀÇ ÁÖÁõ»óÀ¸·Î´Â ÄÚ¸·Èû, ´«¹°, Àçä±â°¡ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Âµ¥ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áõ»óÀº ¾Ë·¹¸£±â¼º ºñ¿°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀÏ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù.

Àçä±â¿Í ±âħ(sneezing and coughing): Àçä±â´Â ºñ°­ÀÌ Àڱصǰí ÃæÇ÷µÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ÀϾ´Ù. ±âħÀº ÀεÎ(pharynx)ÀÇ ÀÚ±Ø(ÀÌ °æ¿ì´Â ´ëºÎºÐ °Ç¼º±âħÀÌ ¹ß»ý) ¶Ç´Â ºñ°­À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ±â°üÁö·Î µé¾î°£ Ä๰ÀÇ ÀÚ±ØÀ¸·Î ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.

ÅëÁõ ¹× µÎÅë(aches and headache): µÎÅëÀº ºñ°­°ú ºÎºñµ¿(sinus)ÀÇ ¿°Áõ ¹× ÃæÇ÷·Î ÀÎÇØ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ̸ç Áö¼ÓÀûÀÌ°í ½ÉÇÑ ÀüµÎºÎ Áï, ¾ÕÀ̸¶ºÎÀ§ÀÇ µÎÅë(frontal headache)Àº ºÎºñ°­¿°(sinusitis)¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀϺΠȯÀÚ´Â ±ÙÀ° ¹× °üÀýÅëÀ» È£¼ÒÇϴµ¥ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ÅëÁõÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³¯ ¶§´Â ÀϹÝÀû °¨±âº¸´Ù ÀÎǪ·ç¿£ÀÚ°¨¿°ÀÏ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù. ºÎºñ°­¿°(sinusitis)Àº ´«À§ÀÇ ºÎºñµ¿(frontal sinuses)°ú ÄÚ¿¡ ÀÎÁ¢ÇÑ °ñ°ÝÀ¸·Î ½Î¿©ÀÖ´Â °ø±â°¡ µå³ªµå´Â ºñ°­(nasal cavity)ÀÇ °¨¿°¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Á¡¸·À» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ »óÇÇ¿¡ ¿°ÁõÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÏ¿© º×°Ô µÇ¾î °¨±âÀÇ Æ¯Â¡Àû Áõ»óÀΠīŸ¸£(catarrh; Á¶Á÷ÀÌ ÆÄ±«µÇÁö´Â ¾Ê´Â Á¡¸·ÀÇ ¿°Áõ)¸¦ À¯¹ßÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ºÐºñ¾×ÀÌ ºñ°­¿¡ Èê·¯µé°Ô µÇ³ª ÄÚ°¡ ¸·Çô ÀÖÀ¸¸é ºÎºñµ¿¿¡ ½×ÀÌ°Ô µÇ¸ç ÀÌÂ÷ÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ÚÅ׸®¾Æ¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ °¨¿°ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¨¿°Àº »ó¾Ç°ñ ºÎºñµ¿(maxillary sinuses)¿¡ °¡Àå ÈçÈ÷ ³ªÅ¸³ª¸ç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çö»óÀÌ ÀϾ ¶§ ºÎºñµ¿¿¡ Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ ÅëÁõÀÌ ÀϾ ÄÚ¿¡ ÀÎÁ¢ÇÑ ¾ó±¼ºÎÀ§°¡ ½ÉÇÏ°Ô ¾ÆÇÁ¸ç º×±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. ´«À§ÀÇ ºÎºñµ¿ÀÌ °¨¿°µÉ ¶§´Â À̸¶(forehead)ºÎÀ§¿¡ µÎÅëÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. ºÎºñ°­¿°ÀÇ ÅëÁõÀº ¸öÀ» ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ¼÷À̰ųª ´©¿ï ¶§ ¾ÇÈ­µÇ´Â Ư¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù.

°í¿­(high body temperature): °¨±â¸¦ ¾Î°í Àִ ȯÀÚ´Â º¸Åë ´õ¿î ´À³¦À» È£¼ÒÇϳª ³ôÀº ü¿ÂÀ» º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °í¿­ÀÌ ÀÖÀ» ¶§´Â ´Ü¼øÇÑ °¨±âº¸´Ù´Â ÀÎǪ·ç¿£ÀÚ°¨¿°(flu)À» ÀǽÉÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÎǪ·ç¿£ÀÚ°¨¿°Áõ»óÀº °©Àڱ⠿ÀÇÑÀ» ´À³¢¸ç ÆÈ´Ù¸®ÀÇ ±ÙÀ°Åë°ú ¸ñÀÌ ¸¶¸£°í ¾ÆÇÂ(dry sore throat)Áõ»ó, ±âħ, °í¿­À» º¸ÀÌ°Ô µÈ´Ù. À̵é Áõ»óÀº º¸Åë 3-5ÀÏÀÌ Áö³ª¸é ¾ø¾îÁö³ª ÈÄÀ¯ÁõÀ¸·Î Àü½ÅÇÇ·Î, ±Çۨ ¶Ç´Â °Ç¼º±âħÀÌ ¾Î°í³­ ´ÙÀ½ ¼öÀϰ£ ´õ Áö¼ÓµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ½ÉÇÑ ½À¼º±âħ(productive cough; °¡·¡¸¦ µ¿¹ÝÇÑ ±âħ), Áö¼ÓµÇ´Â °í¿­, ´Á¸·¿° ÇüÅÂÀÇ ÈäÅë(chest pain), ¶Ç´Â ¼¶¸Á(delirium; ¸Á»ó, ȯ°¢, Âø°¢ µîÀÌ Âª°Ô ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù »ç¶óÁö´Â Á¤½ÅÂø¶õ Áõ»ó)ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª¸é ÇÕº´ÁõÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù´Â ½ÅÈ£·Î º¸¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. Flu¿Í À¯»çÇÑ °¨¿°Áõ»ó(flu-like infections)ÀÌ ¸¹ÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³ªÁö¸¸ ÁøÂ¥ ÀÎǪ·ç¿£ÀÚ°¨¿°Àº ±×¸® ÈçÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. µÎ °æ¿ì ¸ðµÎ º´ÀÇ¿ø¿¡¼­ÀÇ Áø·á°¡ ¾ø¾îµµ ÀÚ¿¬ Ä¡À¯µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ º¸ÅëÀÌÁö¸¸ ½ÉÇÑ °æ¿ì ÀÌÂ÷ÀûÀÎ Æó·ÅÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Æó·Å°ú °°ÀÌ Àü¹®Àû Áø´Ü°ú Ä¡·á°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Â ÇÕº´ÁõÀº À¯¼Ò¾Æ, °í·ÉÀÚ ¹× ½ÉÀå ¶Ç´Â ÆóÁúȯÀ» ¾Î°í ÀÖ´Â »ç¶÷¿¡ º¸´Ù ½±°Ô ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.

ÀÎÈÄÅë(sore throat): °¨±â¸¦ ¾Î°í ÀÖ´Â µ¿¾È ¸ñÀÌ °ÇÁ¶Çϰí ÅëÁõÀ» ´À³¢´Â Áõ»óÀ¸·Î¼­ °¨±â°¡ ¿À°í Àִٴ ù ½ÅÈ£°¡ µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

±Í¾ÎÀÌ(earache): ƯÈ÷ ¼Ò¾Æ¿¡ Àß ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â °¨±âÀÇ ÇÕº´ÁõÀ¸·Î¼­ ºñ°­ īŸ¸£°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§ ±Í°¡ ¸·È÷´Â ´À³¦À» °®°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ÁßÀÌ(middle ear)¿Í ºñ°­(nasal cavity)À» ¿¬°á½ÃŰ´Â À¯½ºÅ¸Å°¿À°ü(Eustachian tube)ÀÌ ¸·È÷±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ °üÀÌ ¸·È÷°Ô µÇ¸é ±Í¾ÈÀÇ °ø±â¾Ð°ú ´ë±â¾ÐÀÌ ´õÀÌ»ó ÆòÇüÀ» À¯ÁöÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ºÒÆíÇÔÀ» ´À³¢°Ô µÇ¸ç ¼Ò¸®°¡ Àß µé¸®Áö ¾Ê°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Áõ»óÀº º¸Åë °¨±â°¡ ³ºÀ¸¸é ÀÚ¿¬ ÇØ¼ÒµÇ³ª ÃæÇ÷Á¦°ÅÁ¦°¡ µµ¿òÀ» ÁÙ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. Á¾Á¾ ÁßÀÌ(middle ear)°¡ ¾×(fluid)À¸·Î Â÷ ÀÖÀ» ¶§´Â ÀÌÂ÷Àû ±Õ°¨¿°¿¡ ÀÌ»óÀûÀΠȯ°æÀ» Á¦°øÇÏ°Ô µÇ¹Ç·Î ÁßÀÌ¿°ÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϱ⠽±´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °¨¿°ÀÌ ÀϾ ¶§ ±Í°¡ °©Àڱ⠾ÆÇÁ°Ô µÇ¸ç º¸Åë Ç×»ýÁ¦ÀÇ Åõ¿©°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇϹǷΠÀü¹®Àû Áø´ÜÀ» ¹Þµµ·Ï ÇÏ´Â Á¶Ä¡°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

4) °ú°Åº´·Â(previous medical history)

¸¸¼º±â°üÁö¿°À» ¾Î°í Àִ ȯÀÚ°¡ ½ÉÇÑ °¨±â ¶Ç´Â ÀÎǪ·ç¿£ÀÚÀ¯»ç°¨¿°(flu-like infection)¿¡ °É¸± ¶§´Â ÀÌÂ÷Àû È£Èí±â°¨¿°ÀÌ ¹ß»ýµÇ±â ½¬¿ì¹Ç·Î º´ÀÇ¿øÀ» ¹æ¹®Åä·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù. ±â°üÁöõ½ÄÀ» °®°í ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì, »ó±âµµ ¹ÙÀÌ·¯½º°¨¿°¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ßÀÛÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°±â ½¬ ¿ì¹Ç·Î ¹ßÀÛÀ» ¿¹¹æÇϱâ À§ÇØ »ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ¾àÀ» Åõ¿©Çϰųª Áõ°¡½Ã۵µ·Ï ÁöµµÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ±³À°ÀÌ È¿°ú°¡ ¾øÀ» ¶§¿¡´Â º´ÀÇ¿øÀ» ¹æ¹®Åä·Ï ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù.

5) ¾à·Â(medication history)

ȯÀÚ°¡ ÇöÀç ¾î¶°ÇÑ ¾à¹°À» º¹¿ëÇϰí Àִ°¡¸¦ ¿ì¼± ÆÄ¾ÇÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÈçÈ÷ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â OTC¾àǰÁßÀÇ °¢ ¼ººÐÀº ±âŸ ¾à¹°°ú »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀ» °¡Áú ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â »ç½ÇÀ» ±â¾ïÇϰí ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. ¸¸¾à °¨±âÁõ»óÀÇ Ä¡·á¸¦ À§ÇØ ¾à¹°À» Åõ¿©ÇÔ¿¡µµ ÀüÇô Áõ»óÀÇ È£ÀüÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ½ÃµµÇÑ Ä¡·á¾à¹°ÀÌ ºÎÀûÀýÇßÀ½ÀÌ ÆÇ´ÜµÇ¸é º´ÀÇ¿ø¿¡ º¸³»´Â °ÍÀÌ Çö¸íÇÏ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °¨±â ¹× fluȯÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì, OTC¾àÀÇ Ä¡·á·Î ÃæºÐÇÏ´Ù.

°¨±âȯÀÚÁß º´ÀÇ¿øÀ¸·Î º¸³¾ °æ¿ì¸¦ Á¾ÇÕÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

  1. ±Í¾ÎÀÌ
  2. ¾È¸éÅëÁõ ¹× À̸¶µÎÅë
  3. ÀÎǪ·ç¿£ÀÚ°¨¿°Áõ; À¯¼Ò¾Æ, °í·ÉÀÚ, ¸¸¼º±â°üÁö¿°°ú °°Àº ÆóÁúȯ ¹× ½ÉÀå ÁúȯÀÚ, Áö¼Ó¼º °í¿­ ¹× ½À¼º±âħȯÀÚ, ¼¶¸ÁÀ» º¸À̴ ȯÀÚ, ÈäÅëÁõ»ó ȯÀÚ
  4. ±â°üÁö õ½Ä ȯÀÚ
  5. ¸¸¼º ±â°üÁö¿° ȯÀÚ

2. ¾à±¹¿¡¼­ÀÇ Ä¡·á±â°£

¾à±¹¿¡¼­ OTC¾àǰÀ¸·Î ÀÏ´Ü Ä¡·á¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ °æ¿ì, °¨±âÁõ»óÀÌ ÀÏÁÖÀÏÀÌ Áö³ªµµ °³¼±µÇÁö ¾ÊÀ» ¶§´Â º´ÀÇ¿øÀ» ¹æ¹®Åä·Ï ±³À°ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

3. ºñó¹æ¾à¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ¾àÁ¦Áø·á

ÀǾàºÐ¾÷ÀÌ ½Ç½ÃµÇ±â Àü¿¡ 󹿾à, ºñ󹿾àÀÌ ¾î¶»°Ô ºÐ·ùµÉ °ÍÀΰ¡´Â ¾ÆÁ÷ È®½ÇÈ÷ ¾Ë ¼ö´Â ¾øÁö¸¸ ¼±Áø±¹¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ºÐ·ù¹ý¿¡ Å©°Ô ¹þ¾î³ªÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ» °ÍÀ̸ç ÀÌ¹Ì º¸»çºÎ¿¡¼­ ¾àǰÀ» Àü¹®ÀǾàǰ°ú ÀϹÝÀǾàǰÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùÇϰí ÀÖ´Â Á¡À¸·Î º¸¾Æ ÇöÀçÀÇ Àü¹®ÀǾàǰÀº 󹿾àÀ¸·Î, ÀϹÝÀǾàǰÀº ºñ󹿾àÀ¸·Î ÁöÁ¤µÉ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô´Ù. °¨±â ¹× fluÀÇ Ä¡·á¿¡ À־ ºñ󹿾àÀÇ ´ëÁß±¤°í´Â °è¼Ó À¯ÁöµÉ °ÍÀÌ°í °è¼Ó »ç¿ëµÉ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °¨±âÁõ»óÀÇ ÀûÀýÇÑ ´ëÁõÄ¡·á´Â ȯÀÚ¸¦ ÆíÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁشٴ µ¥¿¡´Â ÀǽÉÀÇ ¿©Áö°¡ ¾øÀ¸¸ç ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌµé ´ëÁõ¾à¹°ÀÇ Åõ¿©¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ À§¾àÈ¿°ú(placebo effect; ÁøÁ¤ Ä¡·áÁ¦´Â ¾Æ´Ñ ´ëÁõ¿ä¹ýÁ¦ ¶Ç´Â °¡Â¥¾àÀ» Åõ¿©ÇÒ ¶§ ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ÀÓ»óÈ¿°ú)µµ ¹«½ÃÇÒ ¼ö ¾ø´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. °¨±â ¹× fluÀÇ Ä¡·á¿¡ À־ ¾à»çÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀº ȯÀÚÀÇ Áõ»ó¿¡ µû¶ó ÀûÀýÇÑ Ä¡·á¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. °¨±âÁõ»óÀÇ Ä¡·á¿¡ ÀÖ¾î polypharmacy(¸¹Àº Á¾·ùÀÇ ¾à¹°À» µ¿½Ã¿¡ º¹¿ëÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ ÁöĪ)ÀÇ °¡´É¼ºÀÌ ³ô±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ȯÀÚ°¡ Áö³ªÄ£ ¾à¹°Ä¡·á¸¦ ¹ÞÁö ¾Êµµ·Ï ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

# °¨±âÁõ»óÀÇ ´ëÁõ¿ä¹ý #

1. ºñÃæÇ÷ÀÇ Ä¡·á

°¨±âÁõ»óÁß ºñÃæÇ÷ÀÇ ´ëÁõ¿ä¹ýÁ¦·Î¼­ ÈçÈ÷ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¾à¹°(OTC ´ë»ó¾à¹°)À» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ¼³¸íÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

(1) °æ±¸ ¹× ºñ°æ±¸¿ë ºñÃæÇ÷Á¦°ÅÁ¦

ºñÃæÇ÷Áõ»óÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¸é pseudoephedrine ¶Ç´Â phenylpropanolamine°ú °°Àº ±³°¨½Å°æÈïºÐÁ¦(sympathomimetics)°¡ Æ÷ÇÔµÈ ¾àǰÀ» ¼±ÅÃÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌµé ¼ººÐµéÀº ºñ°­ÃæÇ÷À» Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Â µ¥ È¿°úÀûÀÌ´Ù. ºÎÇ®Àº ºñ°­Á¡¸·ÀÌ È¿°úÀûÀ¸·Î ÁÙ¾îµé¾î Á¡¾×ÀÇ Á¦°Å ¹× ÄÚ¾ÈÀÇ °ø±âÀÇ È帧ÀÌ ¿ëÀÌÇØÁ® ½Ã¿øÇØÁø´Ù. ¹Ì±¹ÀÇ °æ¿ì °æ±¸¿ëÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ÃæÇ÷Á¦°ÅÁ¦ÀÇ Á¾·ù ¹× Çã°¡¿ë·®Àº table 1°ú °°´Ù.

Table 1. °æ±¸¿ë ÃæÇ÷Á¦°ÅÁ¦ÀÇ Á¾·ù ¹× ¿ë·®(OTC¿ë·®¹üÀ§)

¾à¹°2-6¼¼ ¿ë·®6-12¼¼ ¿ë·® ¼ºÀο뷮
PHENYLEPHRINE2.5mg(15mg) 4½Ã°£¸¶´Ù 5mg(30mg) 4½Ã°£¸¶´Ù10mg(60mg) 4½Ã°£¸¶´Ù
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE6.25mg(37.5mg) 4½Ã°£¸¶´Ù 12.5mg(75mg) 4½Ã°£¸¶´Ù25mg(150mg) 4½Ã°£¸¶´Ù
PSEUDOEPHEDRINE15mg(60mg) 6½Ã°£¸¶´Ù 30mg(120mg) 6½Ã°£¸¶´Ù60mg(240mg) 6½Ã°£¸¶´Ù

( ): ÀÏÀÏ ÃÖ´ë¿ë·®

ÀÌµé °æ±¸¿ëÁ¦Á¦¿Ü¿¡ ºñ°­¿¡ »Ñ¸®°Å³ª Á¡ÀûÇÏ´Â ºñºÐ¹«¾×(nasal spray) ¶Ç´Â Á¡ºñ¾×(nasal drop) Á¦Á¦°¡ ÀÖ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ ±¹¼ÒÀûÀ¸·Î ÄÚ¿¡ »Ñ¸®´Â ¾àǰÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§´Â ÀÏÁÖÀÏ ÀÌ»ó »ç¿ëÄ¡ ¸»µµ·Ï ÁÖÀǸ¦ ÁÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â °è¼Ó ±¹¼ÒÀûÀ¸·Î Àû¿ëÇÒ ¶§´Â Àϸí "rhinitis medicamentosa"¶ó´Â ¹Ý»çÀû ÃæÇ÷(ÃæÇ÷ÀÌ ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ´õ ¾ÇÈ­µÇ´Â Çö»ó, rebound congestion)ÀÌ ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °æ±¸¿ë ¾àǰÀ» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Çö»óÀº ¿°·ÁÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æµµ µÈ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ ºñÁ¡¾× ¶Ç´Â ºÐ¹«¾×À¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ºñ󹿾àÀÇ ¼ººÐÀº table 2¿Í °°À¸³ª ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ °æ¿ìµµ ¾ÈÀüÇÑ ¿ë·®³»¿¡¼­ Çã°¡Çϰí ÀÖ´Ù.

Table 2. ±¹¼Ò ÃæÇ÷Á¦°ÅÁ¦ÀÇ Á¾·ù ¹× ¿ë·®(OTC¿ë·®¹üÀ§)

¾à¹°³óµµ ¼ºÀο뷮(drops or spray) ¼Ò¾Æ(6-12¼¼)¿ë·®(drops or spray)
Ephedrine0.50% 2-3(4½Ã°£ ÀÌ»ó °£°Ý)1-2(4½Ã°£ ÀÌ»ó °£°Ý)
Naphazoline HCL 0.05%(¼ºÀοë) 0.025%(¼Ò¾Æ¿ë) 1-2(6½Ã°£ ÀÌ»ó °£°Ý)1-2(6½Ã°£ ÀÌ»ó °£°Ý)
Oxymetazoline HCL 0.05%2-3(¾ÆÄ§, Àú³á) 2-3(¾ÆÄ§,Àú³á)
Phenylephrine HCL 1%(¼ºÀοë) 0.25%(¼Ò¾Æ¿ë) 2-3(4½Ã°£ ÀÌ»ó °£°Ý)2-3(4½Ã°£ ÀÌ»ó °£°Ý)
Xylometazoline HCL 0.1%(¼ºÀοë) 0.05%(¼Ò¾Æ¿ë) 2-3(8-10½Ã°£ ¸¶´Ù)2-3(8-10½Ã°£ ¸¶´Ù)

ÀÌµé ¾à¹°Áß oxymetazolineÀº ´Ù¸¥ ¾à¹°º¸´Ù ÀÛ¿ëÁö¼Ó½Ã°£ÀÌ ±æ¾î »ç¿ë»ó Æí¸®ÇÑ Á¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌ»ó ¾à¹°µéÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â ¾àǰµéÀÌ ±¹³»¿¡¼­ »ý»ê°ø±ÞµÇ°í Àִµ¥ À̵鿡 ´ëÇÑ Á¦Ç°Á¤º¸´Â KIMS(Çѱ¹¸ÞµðÄÞ¹ßÇà)ÀÇ "Decongestants & other nasal preparation)"Ç׿¡¼­ ½±°Ô ¾òÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

(2) ÁÖÀÇ»çÇ×

¾à»ç´Â ÀϺΠºñÃæÇ÷Á¦°ÅÁ¦(¿¹, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine)¸¦ °æ±¸·Î Åõ¿©ÇÒ °æ¿ì ÀÌµé ¾à¹°ÀÌ °®°í ÀÖ´Â ÁßÃ߽ŰæÈïºÐÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î ȯÀÚ°¡ ÀáÀ» Àß ¸øÀÌ·é´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ephedrineÀÌ ´Ù¸¥ ±³°¨½Å°æÈïºÐÁ¦µéº¸´Ù ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ È¿°ú¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å³ È®·üÀÌ Å©¹Ç·Î ÀÌ ¾à¹°À» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§´Â °¡´ÉÇϸé Ãëħ½Ã°£ °¡±îÀÌ º¹¿ëÇÏÁö ¸»µµ·Ï ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ±³°¨½Å°æÈïºÐÁ¦´Â ½ÉÀåÀ» ÈïºÐ½Ã۰í Ç÷¾ÐÀ» ³ô¿©ÁØ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ Ç÷´çÄ¡¸¦ »ó½Â½ÃŰ¹Ç·Î ´ç´¢º´È¯ÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì Ç÷´çÀÇ Á¶Àý¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌµé ¾à¹°Àº ´ç´¢º´È¯ÀÚ, ½ÉÀåÁúȯÀÚ, °íÇ÷¾ÐȯÀÚ µî¿¡´Â »ç¿ëµÇ¾î¼­´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °©»ó¼±±â´É Ç×ÁøÁõ (hyperthyroidism) ȯÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì ½ÉÀåºÎÁ¤¸ÆÀÌ ÀϾ À§ÇèÀÌ ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ½ÉÀåÀ» ÈïºÐ½ÃŰ´Â ÀÌµé ¾à¹°µéÀº ƯÈ÷ À§ÇèÇÏ´Ù. ±³°¨½Å°æÈïºÐÁ¦´Â ±¹¼ÒÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§´Â ºñ±³Àû ¾ÈÀüÇϳª °æ±¸Åõ¿©ÇÒ ¶§´Â ÀÌµé ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ÀϾ È®·üÀÌ Å©´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌµé ¾à¹°ÀÇ °æ±¸Åõ¿©¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ¿°·ÁµÇ´Â ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â ºñÁ¡¾× ¶Ç´Â ºÐ¹«¾×À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¹Ù¶÷Á÷ÇÏ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀÌµé ¾à¹°À» »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§ Ÿ ¾à¹°°úÀÇ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëµµ Ç×»ó ¿°µÎ¿¡ µÎ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó¿¡¼­´Â ÇöÀç »ý»ê°ø±ÞµÇ°í ÀÖÁö ¾ÊÀ¸³ª MAO(monoamine oxidase)ÀúÇØÁ¦¿Í´Â Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ »óÈ£ÀÛ¿ëÀ» °®°í ÀÖ¾î ¾Ç¼º°íÇ÷¾Ð ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸î»ç¶÷ÀÌ »ç¸ÁÇÑ °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖ´Ù.

2. Àçä±â ¹× Ä๰ÀÇ Ä¡·á

<°æ±¸¿ë Ç×È÷½ºÅ¸¹ÎÁ¦>

Ç×È÷½ºÅ¸¹ÎÁ¦°¡ À̵é Áõ»óÀÇ ¿ÏÈ­¿¡ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖÀ¸¸ç ºñÃæÇ÷ÀÇ Á¦°Å¿¡´Â È¿°ú°¡ ¾ø´Ù. ÀÌµé ¾à¹°Àº ÁÖ·Î °æ±¸·Î Åõ¿©µÇ¸ç ÁøÇØÈ¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ¾î °¨±â¾à¿¡ ÀÚÁÖ Æ÷ÇԵǴ ¼ººÐÀÌ´Ù. Ç×È÷½ºÅ¸¹ÎÁ¦¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¶§ÀÇ ¹®Á¦Á¡Àº ƯÈ÷ chlorpheniramine°ú °°ÀÌ ¿À·¡µÈ ¾à¹°Àº Á¹À½(drowsiness)À» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù´Â Á¡ÀÌ´Ù. ¼ú°ú benzodiazepines, phenothiazines ¶Ç´Â barbiturates¿Í °°ÀÌ ÁßÃ߽ŰæÀ» ¾ïÁ¦ÇÏ´Â È¿°ú¸¦ °®°í ÀÖ´Â ¾à¹°µéÀº ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀ» ´õ¿í Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀÌµé ¾à¹°µéÀº µ¿½Ã¿¡ º¹¿ëÄ¡ ¾Êµµ·Ï ÁÖÀÇÇØ¾ß ÇÏ°í ¿îÀüÀ» Çϰųª ÀǽļöÁØ¿¡ Àå¾Ö°¡ Àְųª ¸Å¿ì À§ÇèÇÑ ±â°èÁ¶ÀÛÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â ¼ö¸éÈ¿°ú(sedative effect)°¡ ÀÖ´Â Ç×È÷½ºÅ¸¹ÎÀ» Á־´Â ¾ÈµÈ´Ù. ¹Ì±¹¿¡¼­ ºñ󹿾àÀ¸·Î ºÐ·ùµÇ¾î »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â Ç×È÷½ºÅ¸¹ÎÀÇ Á¾·ù¿Í ¿ë·®¹üÀ§´Â Table 3°ú °°À¸¸ç ÀÌµé ¼ººÐµéÀº ±¹³»¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â °¨±â¾à¿¡ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖ´Ù.(±¹³»ÀÇ Á¦Ç°Á¤º¸´Â KIMS¸¦ ÂüÁ¶)

Table 3. Ç×È÷½ºÅ¸¹ÎÁ¦ÀÇ Á¾·ù ¹× ¿ë·®(OTC¿ë·®¹üÀ§)

¾à¹°¼ºÀο뷮 ¼Ò¾Æ(6-12¼¼)¿ë·®
ETHANOLAMINE
Diphenhydramine HCL25-50mg, 4-6 ½Ã°£¸¶´Ù 12.5-25mg,4-6 ½Ã°£¸¶´Ù
Doxylamine succinate7.5-12.5mg, 4-6½Ã°£¸¶´Ù 3.75-6.25mg, 4-6 ½Ã°£¸¶´Ù
Phenyltoloxamine citrate50mg, 4-6 ½Ã°£¸¶´Ù ¿ë·®ÀÌ Á¤ÇØÁöÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ½
ETHYLENEDIAMINES
Pyrilamine maleate25-50mg, 6-8 ½Ã°£¸¶´Ù 12.5-25mg, 6-8½Ã°£¸¶´Ù
Thonzylamine hydrochloride50-100mg, 4-6 ½Ã°£¸¶´Ù 25-50mg, 4-6½Ã°£¸¶´Ù
ALKYLAMINES
Pheniramine maleate12.5-25mg,4-6½Ã°£¸¶´Ù 6.25-12.5mg, 4-6½Ã°£¸¶´Ù
Brompheniramine maleate4mg,4-6½Ã°£¸¶´Ù 2mg,4-6½Ã°£¸¶´Ù
Chlorpheniramine maleate4mg,4-6 ½Ã°£¸¶´Ù 2mg, 4-6½Ã°£¸¶´Ù
MISCELLANEOUS
Phenindamine tartrate25mg, 4-6½Ã°£¸¶´Ù 12.5mg, 4-6 ½Ã°£¸¶´Ù

Ç×È÷½ºÅ¸¹ÎÁ¦´Â Ç×Äݸ°È¿°ú(anticholinergic effect)°¡ Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡ ±¸°¥(dry mouth), ½Ã¾ß¸ù·Õ(blurred vision), º¯ºñ, ¿äÀú·ù(urinary retention) µîÀÇ ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù. À̵é È¿°ú´Â hyoscine°ú °°Àº Ç×Äݸ°¾à¹° ¶Ç´Â »ïȯ°è Ç׿ì¿ïÁ¦¿Í °°Àº Ç×Äݸ°ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¾à¹°°ú ÇÔ²² »ç¿ëÇÒ °æ¿ì´Â ƯÈ÷ ½ÉÇØÁø´Ù. Ç×È÷½ºÅ¸¹ÎÁ¦´Â ³ì³»Àå ¶Ç´Â Àü¸³¼±ºñ´ëÁõ(prostatic hypertrophy)ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô´Â ±Ý±âÀÌ´Ù. Ç×Äݸ°ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ¾È¾ÐÀ» »ó½Â½ÃŰ°í ¿äÀú·ù¸¦ ´õ¿í ¾ÇÈ­½Ã۱⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ °í¿ë·®ÀÇ Ç×È÷½ºÅ¸¹ÎÁ¦ÀÇ º¹¿ëÀº ÁßÃ߽ŰæÀ» ¾ïÁ¦Çϱ⠺¸´Ù´Â ¿ÀÈ÷·Á ÈïºÐ½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â Á¡À» ¾Ë¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ °£ÁúȯÀÚ¿¡ chlorpheniramineÀ» µ¿½Ã¿¡ Åõ¿©ÇÒ °æ¿ì´Â phenytoinÀÇ Ç÷Áß³óµµ°¡ »ó½ÂµÇ¾î µ¶¼ºÀÌ À¯¹ßµÉ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù.


Reference

  1. Handbook of Nonprescription drugs 9th edit.1990
  2. Alison Blenkinsopp. Symptoms in the Pharmacy, Blackwell Scientific Publications 1989


º´¿ø¾à»ç¸¦ À§ÇÑ TOPIC: ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõ(DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, DKA)

---- edited by ±è ÀÎÈ­, ¼­ ¿Á°æ Pharm.D.----

´ç´¢º´ ȯÀÚÀÇ ÀÔ¿ø½Ã, ù ¹ø ÀÔ¿øÀÇ ¿øÀÎ Áß 9%°¡ ´ç´¢º´ÄÉÅæ»êÁõÀÌ¸ç »ç¸Á·üÀº 5-10%¿¡ À̸¥´Ù.

I. Pathophysiology

´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõÀº Æ÷µµ´ç, Áö¹æ ¹× ´Ü¹éÁú´ë»çÀÇ º¹ÇÕÀûÀÎ Àå¾ÖÀÌÁö¸¸, ÁÖÁõ»óÀº ÁַΠź¼öÈ­¹° ¹× Áö¹æ´ë»çÀÇ ÀÌ»ó¿¡ ±âÀÎÇÑ´Ù. ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõÀÇ »ýÈ­ÇÐÀû Ãø¸éÀ» Á¤¸®Çغ¸¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù. ü³»¿¡ ÀúÀåµÈ ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀº Áß¼º Áö¹æ(triglyceride)ÇüÅ·ΠÁö¹æÁ¶Á÷ ³»¿¡ Æ÷ÇԵǾî ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, °øº¹½Ã ÀÌ¿ë °¡´ÉÇÑ ¿¡³ÊÁöÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠÀüȯµÈ´Ù. ³ú Á¶Á÷Àº ´Ù¸¥ Á¶Á÷°ú´Â ´Þ¸® Ç÷û ³» À¯¸®Áö¹æ»êÀ» ¿¡³ÊÁö·Î ÀÌ¿ëÇÏÁö ¸øÇϰí ÄÉÅæÃ¼¸¦ ÀÌ¿ëÇϹǷΠÀÌ ¶§¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ´Â °úÁ¤ÀÌ ÄÉÅæÃ¼ Çü¼ºÀÌ´Ù. ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõÀº »ó´ëÀûÀÎ Àν¶¸° ºÎÁ·°ú Àν¶¸° ±æÇ×È£¸£¸ó(glucagon, cortisol,catecholamines, ¶Ç´Â ¼ºÀå È£¸£¸ó)ÀÇ Áõ°¡¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõÀº Ç÷´ç Á¶ÀýÀÌ Àß ¾ÈµÇ´Â ´ç´¢È¯ÀÚ¿¡¼­ °¨¿°Áúȯ, ¼ö¼ú, ½É±Ù °æ»öÁõ, ³úÁ¹Áõ°ú °°Àº ½ºÆ®·¹½º¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ß»ýÇÑ´Ù.(Ç¥ 1)

Àν¶¸° ±æÇ× È£¸£¸óÀº °£¿¡¼­ÀÇ ´ç½Å»ý¹ÝÀÀÀ» Áõ°¡½Ã۰í Àν¶¸° ºÎÁ·½Ã ÀÎü¿¡¼­ÀÇ ´çÀÇ ÀÌ¿ëÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃŲ´Ù. Àν¶¸° ºÎÁ·Àº ¸»ÃÊ Á¶Á÷À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ Áö¹æ»êÀ» À̵¿½ÃÄÑ °£¿¡¼­ÀÇ Áö¹æ ºÐÇØ ÀÛ¿ëÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å°°í ´çÀÇ clearance¸¦ °¨¼Ò½ÃŰ¸ç ±ÙÀ°¿¡¼­ ´Ü¹éÁúÀÌ ¾Æ¹Ì³ë»êÀ¸·Î ´ë»ç µÇ¸é¼­ °íÇ÷´çÁõÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù. ±Û·çÄ«°ïµµ Ç÷´çÀ» »ó½Â½ÃŰ¸ç °£ ´ë»ç¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÄÉÅæÃ¼ »ý»êÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃÄÑ ketosis¿Í acidosisÀ» À¯¹ßÇÏ°Ô µÈ´Ù.

Ç¥ 1. ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å³ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¿øÀÎ



±×¸² 1. ÄÉÅæÃ¼ »ý¼ºÀÇ Á¶Àý

Áö¹æ»êÀº ³óµµÀÇÁ¸ÀûÀ¸·Î °£¿¡ ¼·ÃëµÇ¸ç, ¿¡½ºÅ׸£È­µÇ¾î Áß¼ºÁö¹æ ¹× ÀÎÁöÁúÀ» »ý¼ºÇÑ´Ù. ÇÑÆí ¿¡½ºÅ׸£È­µÈ Áö¹æ»ê(Áö¹æ»ê ¾Æ½Ç-CoA)ÀÇ ÀϺδ ¹ÌÅäÄܵ帮¾Æ³»·Î À̵¿ÇÏ¿© »êÈ­µÇ¾î ÄÉÅæÃ¼¸¦ Çü¼ºÇϰԵȴÙ. À̶§ ¹ÌÅäÄܵ帮¾Æ³»·Î ¼ö¼ÛµÇ±â À§Çؼ­ °ü¿©ÇÏ´Â Ä«¸£´Ïƾ ÆÈ¹ÌÅäÀÏ Æ®·»½ºÆä¶óÁ¦°¡ Áö¹æ»êÀÇ »êÈ­ ¹× ÄÉÅæÃ¼ »ý¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¼ÓµµÁ¶ÀýÈ¿¼ÒÀÇ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ¼öÇàÇÑ´Ù. (±×¸² 1) ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõÀº ÀÎüÀÇ ¼öºÐ°ú ÀüÇØÁú »óÅÂ, ½ÅÀå ±â´É, ±×¸®°í ÁßÃ߽Űæ°è¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ£´Ù. Ç÷´çÀÌ ½ÅÀåÀÇ ÀçÈí¼ö ¿ªÄ¡¸¦ ³ÑÀ¸¸é Ç÷´çÀÌ ¿ä·Î ºüÁ® ³ª¿À°Ô µÇ°í »ïÅõ¼º ÀÌ´¢È¿°ú·Î Å»¼öÇö»óÀÌ ÀϾ³ª ¼¼Æ÷³» ¼öºÐÀÌ ¼¼Æ÷ ¿Ü·Î ³ª¿À°Ô µÇ¾î ȯÀÚÀÇ Å»¼ö »óŰ¡ °¨Ãß¾îÁö±âµµ ÇÑ´Ù. GFRÀÌ °¨¼ÒÇϹǷΠÇ÷´ç°ú Áö¹æ»ê, ÄÉÅæÀÇ ¹è¼³ÀÌ °¨¼ÒÇÏ°í µû¶ó¼­ Ç÷ûÀÌ °í»ïÅõ¼ºÀ» ¶ç°Ô µÈ´Ù. Hypovolemia´Â tissue perfusionÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃÄÑ lactic acidosis¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù. ±×¸² 2¿Í °°ÀÌ beta-hydroxybutric acid(BOHB)¿Í acetoacetate(AcAc)´Â acetoneÀÇ Àü±¸Ã¼·Î½á Á¤»óÀÏ ¶§ Ç÷û ³» BOHB¿Í AcAcÀÇ ºñ´Â 3:1À̳ª ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõ ½Ã¿¡´Â 6:1-12:1·Î Áõ°¡ÇÑ´Ù.

±×¸² 2. AcetoneÀÇ Àü±¸Ã¼

±×·¯³ª, Ç÷ûÀ̳ª ´¢Áß ÄÉÅæ ÃøÁ¤Àº AcAc¸¸À» ÃøÁ¤ÇϹǷΠanion gapÀ» °è»êÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ È¯ÀÚÀÇ »ê-¿°±â »óŸ¦ ´õ Àß °üÂûÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

Anion gap = [Na+ + K+] - [Cl- + HCO3-]

´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõ¿¡¼­ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ¼öºÐ°ú ÀüÇØÁúÀÇ ¼Õ½ÇÀ» ÃѰýÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.(Ç¥ 2)

Ç¥ 2. ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõ¿¡¼­ ¼Õ½ÇµÇ´Â ¼öºÐ°ú ÀüÇØÁú



II. ÀÓ»ó Áõ»ó

´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõÀÌ µ¿¹ÝÇÏ´Â ÀÓ»ó Áõ»ó ¹× ¿øÀÎÀº ´ÙÀ½(Ç¥3)°ú °°´Ù.

Ç¥ 3. ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõÀÇ ÀÓ»ó Áõ»ó ¹× ¿øÀÎ

Áõ»ó ¹× ÁõÈÄ¿øÀÎ
±â¸é Áõ»ó°íÇ÷´çÁõ, °í»ïÅõ¾ÐÁõ, ÄÉÅæÇ÷Áõ°ú »êÁõ
º¸»óÀûÀΠȣÈí¼º »êÁõKussmaulÀÇ È£Èí°ú °°Àº °úÈ£Èí
°úÀÏ ³¿»õ³ª´Â È£Èí¾Æ¼¼ÅæÇ÷Áõ
Á¤½Å»óÅÂÀÇ º¯È­°í»ïÅõ¾Ð¼º
¿À½É,±¸Åäü¾×¼º »êÁõ
º¹Å뺹ºÎÆØ¸¸
±¸°¥,´Ù´¢»ïÅõ¼º ÀÌ´¢
¿ä·®°¨¼Ò´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅä»êÁõÀÇ ÁøÇà¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ GFRÀÇ °¨¼Ò
°ÇÁ¶»ó Á¡¸·°ú ºó¸ÆÅ»¼ö

III.Ä¡·á

´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõÀº medical emergency·Î ÁßȯÀڽǿ¡¼­ Áï½Ã ±× Ä¡·á¸¦ ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõÀÇ Ä¡·áÀÇ ¸ñÇ¥´Â Å»¼ö ±³Á¤, Ç÷´çÀÇ Á¤»óÈ­, »êÁõ°ú ÄÉÅæÁõÀÇ ±³Á¤, ºÎÁ·ÇÑ ÀüÇØÁúÀÇ º¸Ãæ ±×¸®°í, ±Ùº» ¿øÀÎ Ä¡·á¿¡ ÀÖ´Ù.

1. ¼ö¾× º¸Ãæ
¼öºÐÀ» »¡¸® º¸ÃþÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù. Å»¼öÁõ»óÀº °ÅÀÇ ¸ðµç ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæÇ÷Áõ¿¡°Ô ³ªÅ¸³ª¸ç, Á¤È®È÷ ºÎÁ·ÇÑ ÇÊ¿ä¼öºÐ·®Àº ȯÀÚ¸¶´Ù ´Ù¸£³ª ¾à 3.5-7.0 L/70 kg À̶ó°í º¸¸é µÈ´Ù (Æò±Õ5L). Intravascular volumeÀ» º¸ÃæÇÏ°í ½ÅÀå¿¡¼­ ´çÀ» Á¦°ÅÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï À̶§¿¡´Â isotonic saline(0.9%)¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÏ´Ù. Ç÷´çÀÌ 600mL/dLÀÌ»óÀÌ¸é ½ÅÀå ±â´ÉÀÌ 10% °¨¼ÒÇßÀ» ¶§ º¸´Ù ´õ Å« Å»¼ö Çö»óÀ» ÀÏÀ¸Å²´Ù. ½ÅÀå, ½É±Ù°ú ³ú¿¡ ÃæºÐÇÑ ¼öºÐÀÌ °ø±ÞµÇµµ·Ï »ý¸®½Ä¿°¼ö(normal saline)¸¦ 2-3 ½Ã°£ µ¿¾È 1 L/hÀÇ ¼Óµµ·Î Åõ¿©ÇÑ´Ù. Ç÷°ü »óŰ¡ ¾ÈÁ¤È­µÇ¸é 0.45% ¿°È­ ³ªÆ®·ý ÁÖ»ç¾×À¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù¾î 250-500 mL/hÀÇ ¼Óµµ·Î Åõ¿©Çϴµ¥ ÀÓ»ó»óÅ¿¡ µû¶ó Åõ¿©¼Óµµ¸¦ Á¶ÀýÇÑ´Ù. Ç÷´çÀÌ 300 mg/dL·Î ¶³¾îÁö¸é 5% dextrose half saline ÁÖ»ç¾×À¸·Î ±³È¯ÇÑ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â »ïÅõ¾ÐÀÌ ±Þ°ÝÈ÷ ¶³¾îÁ³À» ¶§ ³ªÅ¸³ª´Â ÀúÇ÷´çÇ÷Áõ°ú ³úºÎÁ¾ Çö»óÀ» ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ÀÌ´Ù. ÀϺΠ¾î¸¥ ȯÀÚ³ª ¾î¸°ÀÌ¿¡°Ô´Â ÀúÇ÷´çÇ÷ÁõÀ» ¸·±â À§ÇØ 5% Æ÷µµ´ç ÁÖ»ç¾×º¸´Ù 10% Æ÷µµ´ç ÁÖ»ç¾×ÀÌ À¯¿ëÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ¼öºÐ º¸ÃæÀº ½ÅÀåÀ̳ª ½É±ÙÀÇ ±â´É°ú Á᫐ Á¤¸Æ¾Ð¿¡ µû¶ó ÀûÁ¤È­µÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

2. Àν¶¸°
¿¹Àü¿¡´Â °í¿ë·®(50-200 unitsÀ» 2-4½Ã°£¸¶´Ù)À¸·Î Åõ¿©ÇÏ¿´À¸³ª 1970 ³â ÈĹݺÎÅÍ Àú ¿ë·®(2-10 units/hour)ÀÇ regular insulinÀ» »ç¿ëÇϰí ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ü½Ã°£Çü Àν¶¸°ÀÇ ¹Ý°¨±â°¡ 20ºÐ Á¤µµÀ̹ǷΠÃʱ⠿뷮 Åõ¿©ÀÇ Çʿ伺ÀÌ ÀǽÉÀÌ µÇ³ª Á¡ÀûÁÖ»ç Àü¿¡ bolus·Î 0.15 units/kgÀ» Åõ¿©ÇÑ´Ù. À¯Áö ¿ë·®Àº 0.9% ¿°È­ ³ªÆ®·ý ÁÖ»ç¾× 500mL¿¡ regular insulin 50 unitsÀ» ÇÔ²² ¼¯¾î¼­ Ãʱ⠼ӵµ¸¦ 0.1 units/kg/hour·Î Åõ¿©ÇÑ´Ù. Àν¶¸°Àº ¼ö¾×°ü¿¡ °áÇÕÇϹǷΠÅõ¿© Àü¿¡ ¼ö¾×°ü¿¡ 30-50 mL¸¦ Åë°ú½ÃŲ´Ù. Ç÷´çÀº ¸Å ½Ã°£ ÃøÁ¤ÇØ¾ß Çϰí 1-2½Ã°£ ÈÄ¿¡µµ ¹ÝÀÀÀÌ ¾øÀ¸¸é Åõ¿© ¼Óµµ¸¦ 2¹è·Î Áõ°¡½ÃŲ´Ù. ȯÀÚÀÇ Ç÷´çÀÌ 300 mg/dL¿¡ ±ÙÁ¢ÇßÀ» ¶§ 0.45% ¿°È­ ³ªÆ®·ý ÁÖ»ç¾×¿¡ 5% Æ÷µµ´ç ÁÖ»ç¾×À» ¼¯Àº È¥ÇÕ ¿ë¾×À¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù°í Àν¶¸° Åõ¿© ¼Óµµ¸¦ ÁÙÀδÙ. Àν¶¸° ¿ä¹ý¿¡¼­ Áß¿äÇÑ Á¡Àº »êÁõº¸´Ù °íÇ÷´çÁõÀÌ ¸ÕÀú ±³Á¤µÇ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ Á¾¸»Á¡ÀÌ euglycemia°¡ ¾Æ´Ï°í »êÁõ°ú ÄÉÅæÇ÷ÁõÀÌ ±³Á¤µÈ ½ÃÁ¡À̶ó´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù (µ¿¸Æ pH > 7.30, Ç÷Àå Ç÷´ç ³óµµ < 250 mg/dL, À½À̿ gap 13-17, Ç÷û Áßź»ê¿° > 15 mEq/L, ÄÉÅæÇ÷ÁõÀÌ ¾ø´Â »óÅÂ). ³úºÎÁ¾ÀÌ ÀϾ´Â °ÍÀ» ¹æÁöÇϱâ À§ÇØ Ç÷´ç ³óµµ´Â óÀ½ 23-24½Ã°£ µ¿¾ÈÀº ¾à 250 mg/dL·Î À¯ÁöÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÁÁ´Ù.

3. ÀüÇØÁú
»ïÅõ¼º ÀÌ´¢¿Í »êÁõÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÀüÇØÁú ºÎÁ·Àº ½ÉÇ÷°ü°è¿¡ ¹®Á¦¸¦ ÀÏÀ¸Å°±â Àü¿¡ °¡´ÉÇÑ ÇÑ »¡¸® º¸ÃæµÇ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

(1) Ä®·ý(potassium)
Ãʱ⿡´Â »êÁõ°ú »ïÅõ¼º ÀÌ´¢ ±×¸®°í, Å»¼ö¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ aldosteroneÀÇ ºÐºñ·Î ÀúÄ®·ýÇ÷ÁõÀÌ µÇ³ª ¼¼Æ÷ ¿Ü·Î À̵¿ÇϹǷΠÁ¤»óÄ¡¿Í °°°Å³ª ¾à°£ ³ô°Ô ³ªÅ¸³­´Ù. Àν¶¸° Åõ¿©³ª ¼öºÐ º¸ÃæÀº Ä®·ýÀÇ ³óµµ¸¦ ÀúÇϽÃŰ¹Ç·Î Àν¶¸° Åõ¿© Àü¿¡ Ä®·ýÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ ¼ö¾×À» ÁÖ¾î¾ß Çϸç monitoringÀ» ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. »ïÅõ¼º ÀÌ´¢´Â Ä®·ýÀÇ 300-600 mEqÀÇ ºÎÁ·À» ¾ß±âÇϰí ÄÉÅæ»êÁõÀÇ Ã³Ä¡¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÑ Áö 1-4½Ã°£ ÈÄ¿¡ Ä®·ýÀÇ ¼¼Æ÷³» À̵¿À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ÃÖÀúÁ¡¿¡ À̸¥´Ù. Ä®·ýÀÇ ³óµµ´Â óÀ½¿¡´Â ¸Å ½Ã°£ monitorÇϰí ÀúÄ®·ýÇ÷ÁõÀÌ ½ÉÀåÀÇ ºÎÁ¤¸ÆÀ» À¯¹ßÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î 2-4½Ã°£¸¶´Ù °üÂûÇÑ´Ù. Ä®·ýÀº 40-60mEq/L·Î ¼ö¾×¿¡ º¸ÃæÇϰí 10-40 mEq/hour·Î Åõ¿©ÇÑ´Ù. 10 mEq/hrº¸´Ù ³ôÀº ¼Óµµ·Î Åõ¿©ÇÒ ¶§´Â ½ÉÀüµµ¸¦ °üÂûÇϸ鼭 Åõ¿©ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ È¯ÀÚ°¡ ÀúÀλêÇ÷ÁõÀ» µ¿¹ÝÇϹǷΠÀλêÄ®·ý Á¦Á¦·Î Åõ¿©Çϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.

(2) Àλ꿰(phosphate)
´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæÇ÷ÁõÀÇ ´Ù¼öÀÇ È¯ÀÚµéÀÌ ÀÌÈ­ÀÛ¿ë(catabolism)°ú ½ÅÀå¹è¼³¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀλêÀÌ ¹è¼³µÇ¹Ç·Î ÀúÀλêÇ÷ÁõÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í ´õ ³ª¾Æ°¡¼­´Â Àν¶¸°À» Åõ¿©ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ÀλêÀÌ ¼¼Æ÷³»·Î À¯ÀÔµÇ¾î ´õ¿í´õ ¾ÇÈ­µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÎÀÇ º¸ÃæÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ±ÇÀåµÇ°í ÀÖÁö´Â ¾ÊÀ¸³ª 1.5 mEq/kg/24hÀÌÇÏÀÇ º¸ÃæÀº ´ëºÎºÐÀÇ ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæÇ÷Áõ ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô Åõ¿©µÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. Ç÷û³óµµ°¡ 2 mEq/L º¸´Ù ³·À» ¶§¿¡´Â Á»´õ ¸¹Àº ¾çÀÇ Àλ꿰ÀÇ °ø±ÞÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇÏ´Ù.

(3) Áßź»ê¿°(bicarbonate)
Ç÷û ³» Áßź»ê¿°Àº ´ë»ç¼º »êÁõÀÇ ÀÎü ¹æ¾î ±âÀüÀÎ Áßź»ê¿° ¿ÏÃæ ÀÛ¿ë ¶§¹®¿¡ ³·Áö¸¸, ÄÉÅæ»ê·ù¿Í Á¥»ê·ù°¡ Áßź»ê¿°À¸·Î ´ë»çµÇ¹Ç·Î Áßź»ê¿°ÀÇ Åõ¿©´Â º°·Î ÇÊ¿äÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ ÀϹÝÀûÀÎ Áßź»ê¿°ÀÇ Åõ¿©´Â pH 7.1ÀÌ»óÀÏ °æ¿ì ±ÇÀåµÇ°í ÀÖÁö ¾Ê´Ù. »êÁõÀÌ ½ÉÇÒ °æ¿ì(pH<7.0) Áßź»ê¿°Àº 1-2 mEq/kgÀ» 2½Ã°£ ÀÌ»ó Á¤¸Æ Åõ¿©ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

4. ÀÓ»ó ÁøÇà
Ç÷ÀåÀ̳ª Àü Ç÷¾×ÀÇ ´ç³óµµ°¡ 250 mEq/dL ÀÌÇÏ·Î ¾ÈÁ¤È­µÉ ¶§±îÁö º¯È­¸¦ ÀÚÁÖ monitoringÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ƯÈ÷ Ä®·ý ³óµµ´Â Á¤»ó ³óµµ°¡ µÉ ¶§±îÁö ¸Å ½Ã°£, »êÁõÀÌ ¾ø¾îÁú ¶§±îÁö 2-4½Ã°£¸¶´Ù ÃøÁ¤ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

IV. ¿¹¹æ

´ëºÎºÐÀÇ °æ¿ì ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõÀº ȯÀÚÀÇ ±³À°°ú ÀÇ·áÁøÀÇ ÁÖÀÇ·Î ¿¹¹æµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ¸ðµç ´ç´¢È¯ÀÚ´Â ÀÚ°¡Ç÷´çÃøÁ¤¹ý°ú ¿äÄÉÅæ°Ë»ç¹ýÀ» ¼÷ÁöÇϰí ÀÖ¾î¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. ȯÀÚ´Â º»ÀÎÀÌ ¾ÆÇÁ°Å³ª ¿À½É, ±¸Åä, ¹ß¿­, °è¼ÓÀûÀÎ °íÇ÷´çÁõ°ú ÀúÇ÷´çÁõÀ» ÀÚ°¢ÇÏ°Ô µÇ¸é °¡´ÉÇÑÇÑ »¡¸® ÀÇ»ç¿Í ¿¬¶ôÇϵµ·Ï ±³À°¹Þ¾Æ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. »¡¸® ÀÇ»ç¿Í ¿¬¶ôÇÒ¼ö·Ï ÀÇ»ç´Â ´Ü½Ã°£Çü Àν¶¸°ÀÇ Åõ¿©¿Í ¼öºÐÀÇ °æ±¸ º¸ÃæÀ¸·Î ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæÇ÷ÁõÀ» ¼º°øÀûÀ¸·Î Ä¡·áÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, Áõ»óÃʱ⿡ Áø·á½ÇÀ̳ª ÀÀ±Þ½Ç¿¡¼­ ¼öºÐº¸Ãæ°ú Àν¶¸° Åõ¿©¸¦ ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á ´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæÇ÷ÁõÀ¸·ÎÀÇ ÁøÇàÀ̳ª ÀÔ¿øÀ» ¹æÁöÇÒ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª ÀÀ±Þ½ÇÀ̳ª Áø·á½Ç¿¡¼­ ±× Ä¡·á°¡ °¡´ÉÇÏÁö ¾Ê°Å³ª ÀǽÉÇÒ ¸¸ÇÑ Á¡ÀÌ ÀÖ´Ù¸é ÀÔ¿øÀ» ½ÃÄÑ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.

V. °á·Ð

´ç´¢º´¼º ÄÉÅæ»êÁõÀÇ º´Å»ý¸®´Â Àν¶¸° ºÎÁ·À̳ª °ú´ÙÇÑ Àν¶¸° ±æÇ× È£¸£¸óÀÇ º¹ÇÕµÈ ÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î Ä¡¸íÀûÀÎ ´ë»ç¼º º¸»óÀÛ¿ëÀÌ À§ÇèÇÑ »óÅ¿¡ À̸£·¶À» ¶§¶ó°í ÀÌÇØµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. º´¿ø³»¿¡ Àν¶¸°, ¼öºÐº¸Ãæ, ±×¸®°í ÀüÇØÁú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀûÀýÇÑ ÁöħÀÌ ºÐº°ÀÖ°Ô ½ÃÇàµÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ Ä¡·áÀÇ Ãʼ®ÀÌ µÈ´Ù. °¨¿°Áúȯ, ½É±Ù°æ»öÁõ, ¶ÇÇÑ Àν¶¸° Åõ¿©¸¦ ¾È ÇßÀ» ¶§¿Í °°Àº ¿©·¯°¡Áö ¿øÀÎÀ» È®ÀÎÇÏ°í ±×°Í¿¡ µû¸¥ Ä¡·á¸¦ ÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù.


References

  1. ±è ÀºÁø ¿Ü. ´ç´¢º´ÇÐ. ´ëÇÑ ´ç´¢º´ÇÐȸ. µµ¼­ÃâÆÇ °í·ÁÀÇÇÐ 1992. pp 345-358
  2. Francisco GE, Brooks PJ. Pharmacotherapy. A pathophysiologic approach. 2nd Ed. pp 1121-1145.
  3. Koda-Kimble MA, Carlisle Ba. Applied therapeutics. The clinical use of drugs. 6th Ed. pp 48-1-48-62
  4. Foster DW. Harrison's principles of Internal Medicine. 13th Ed. pp 1979-1999

MONTHLY CLINICAL DRUG INFORMATION DIGEST
[ÀÓ»óÀǾàÁ¤º¸ ´ÙÀÌÁ¦½ºÆ®]

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ÆíÁýÀÚ ÁÖ: º» ´ÙÀÌÁ¦½ºÆ®´Â Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î ¹ß»ýÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ÃֽŠÀÓ»óÀǾàÁ¤º¸Áß ±¹³»¿¡¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â ¾à¹°¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ Á¤º¸¸¦ ¼öÁý, Á¤¸®ÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î¼­ ¿©±â¿¡ ½Ç¸®´Â ¸ðµç Á¤º¸´Â ¼÷¸íÀǾàÁ¤º¸¼¾ÅÍÀÇ Á¤º¸ÀÚ¿ø¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ °ÍÀ̹ǷΠ´õ ÀÚ¼¼ÇÑ Á¤º¸´Â º» ¼¾Å¸·Î ¹®ÀÇÇÏ¿© Áֽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù.


PHARMACOTHERAPY UPDATE[¾à¹°Ä¡·áÇÐ Á¤º¸]


TACRINE sometimes effective in Alzheimer's disease. Patients treated with tacrine therapy had lower mean decline in MMSE scores(1.36 points/year as compared with patients with Alzheimer's disease who had never received tacrine(3.8 points/year). Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 8:67-73, 1996

Take FOLATE as supplements or fortified food to prevent NTD. Regarding the prevention of neural tube defects(NTD), the recommendations advise increased intake of folic acid-fortified foods and folic acid supplements for achieving an optimal folate status in women who are planning a pregnancy. Lancet 347:682, Mar 1996

OMEPRAZOLE 20mg once daily is the regimen of choice to prevent duodenal ulcer relapse. In 198 patients, the ulcer relpse rate was 3.8% for the 20mg once daily group, 19.7% for the 20 mg alternate days group and 23.4% for the 40mg weekend group. Clinical and Experimental 57:33-41, Jan 1996

MITOXANTRONE effective in AML but myelotoxicity persists. Due to increase of that rates of disease free and overall surival mitoxantrone is effective as an antineoplastic agent in children with acute myeloid leukaemia(AML) although it induces severe myeloid aplasia. Medical and Pediatric Oncology 26:173-179, Mar 1996

PYRIDOXAL PHOSPHATE and CORTICOTROPHIN are effective in infantile spasms. Three experienced excellent seizure control with pyridoxal phosphate alone. Of the 25 children requiring additional corticotrophin injections, 21 experienced excellent seizure control. Jouranl of Child Neurology 11:35-40, Jan 1996

PREDNICARBATE is an effective for patients with atopic dermatitis. The new, nonhalogenated topical corticosteroid prednicarbate was more effective than fluocortin in producing symptomatic improvement of > 50% in this study. International Journal of Dermatology 35:131-132, Feb 1996

ROXITHROMYCIN is effective in the treatment of acne. Of the patients receiving roxithromycin 300mg, 31.3% had a good improvement in symptoms compared with 7.1% of the patients receiving 150mg of the drug. Journal of International Medical Research 24:109-114, Jan 1996

Liposomal AMPHOTERICIN B is better tolerated than the conventional amphotericin B formulation. Liposomal amphotericin B is equally effective in the treatment of cryptococcal meningitis in patients with AIDS, and has less hematological and renal toxicity compared with amphotericin B.Clinical Infections Diseases 22:315-321, Feb 1996

TIBOLONE reduces adverse effects of triptorelin. Tibolone effectively reduces the vasomotor symptoms and bone loss associated with the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist triptorelin. Fertility and Sterility 65:342-348, Feb 1996

PETHIDINE preferred after caesarean section. Patients receiving epidural patient-controlled analgesia(PCA) after elective caesarean section tend to be more satisfied with pethidine than fentanyl. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 24: 45-50, Feb 1996

INTERFERON-ALPHA therapy reduces risk of liver cancer. Interferon-alpha therapy in patients with chronic viral hepatitis reduces the risk of these patients developing liver cancer in the short term. Journal of Hepatology 24:141-147, Feb 1996

CARBAMAZEPINE beats combativeness after traumatic brain injury. Treatment with carbamazepine resulted in reduced combativeness in patients with acute traumatic brain injury. In addition the total number and dosage of other psychotropics were able to be markedly reduced in all patients after they began carbamazepine therapy. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 8:96-99, No.1 1996

NITROGLYCERIN may be effective in dysmenorrhoea. Transdermal nitroglycerin may be effective in the treatment of dysmenorrhoea and there was no significant worsening of headache with nitroglycerin administraion. British Medical Journal 312:884, Apr 1996


DRUG SAFETY WARNINGS [¾à¹°¾ÈÀü¼º Á¤º¸]


Intensive INSULIN therapy does not cause cognitive impairment. There was no significant difference in the incidence of neuropsychological worsening or performance on cognitive tests between intensive and conventional insulin therapy recipients. In addition the frequency of hypoglycemic episodes did not influence the neuropsychhological functioning of the patients in this study. Annals of Internal Medicine 124:379-388, Feb 1996

GROWTH HORMONE dose not adversely affect renal graft function. No adverse effects on renal function were seen when 16 children with renal transplants received recombinant human growth hormone in a study. Journal of Pediatrics 128:177-183, Feb 1996

FILGRASTIM therapy was not associated with any long term adverse effects in neonates. Follw-up assessments of 21 patients with filgrastim at 2 years showed no hematological, immunological or development abnormalities. Journal of Pediatrics 128:135-137, Jan 1996

LEUPRORELIN use in pregnancy is safe? 43.5% incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to leuprorelin during early pregnancy. Thus inadvertent administration of leuprorelin in early pregnany may not be as safe as previously thought. Fertility and Sterility A27, 1996

10% Dose reduction of microemulsion CYCLOSPORIN formulation may be necessary. Because of somewhat better GI absorption, a 1:1 conversion will increase trough cyclosporin levels by about 10% on average. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantaion 11:19-20, Jan 1996


ADVERSE DRUG REACTION REPORTS [¾à¹°ºÎÀÛ¿ë Á¤º¸]


PACLITAXEL induced transient pulmonary infiltrates. After a 66-yr-old woman with metastatic non-small cell-lung-carcinoma had been received paclitaxel 175mg/m2BSA for 24hrs, her chest x-ray film showed bilateral patchy nodular infiltrates. Annals of Internal Medicine 124:278, Jan 1996

Topical TRETINOIN induced neurotoxicity. After a 39-yr-old woman had used topical tretinoin for treatment of acne 6 to 8-weeks, she reported headache, memory loss, and unsteadiness that interfered with walking, driving, and working. Annals of Internal Medicine 124:227-228, Jan 1996

PROPOFOL induced lactic acidosis. A 30-yr-old woman developing an exaceration of asthma had been treated with propofol for sedation. 2-hours after the initiation of propofol showed a worsening anion gap metabolic acidosis and elevated serum lactate. Chest 109:292, Jan 1996

Pseudomonas bacteremia precipitated by TICLOPIDINE induced neutropenia. An 83-yr-old white man developed febrile neutropenia 5-days after initiation of ticlopidine therapy. His white blood cell count was 1.1x109/L and his blood cultures were positive for psedomonas aeruginosa. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 30:246-248, Mar 1996

Suspected neuroleptic malignant syndrome in a patient receiving CLOZAPINE. A 42-yr-old schizophremic man treated with clozapine developed a temperature of 39.5oC, diaphoresis, tachycardia, rigidity and leukocytosis. Neuroleptic malignant syndrome remained the most likely diagnosis in this case. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 30:248-250, Mar 1996

AMIODARONE induced reversible benign intracranial hypertention. Eight weeks after amiodarone 400mg daily had been added to 49-yr-old man for congestive heart failure with ventricular arrhythmia, he reported continuous headache and neurologic examination showed papilledema and unilateral nonlocalizing six-nerve palsy. Cardiology 87:90, 1996

CIPROFLOXACIN induced toxic epidermal necrolysis. After a 50-yr-old obese white man had been received an 11-day course of ciprofloxacin for cellulitis in his right leg, he reported a diffuse rash and sloughing of his epidermis. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 30:297, Mar 1996

METOPROLOL induced retroperitoneal fibrosis. A 35-yr-old woman taken metoprolol 100mg daily for essential hypertension since 1990 had bilateral edema in the legs and an erythematous rash. Amer Heart J 131:202-203, Jan 1996

Hypersensitivity reaction to CLARITHROMYCIN. A 92-yr-old woman treated with clarithromycin 500mg experienced a reaction with swelling in her lips, jaw, tongue, mouth, and the right side of her face. The Annals of pharmacotherapy 30:300, Mar 1996

Gait ataxia during OMEPRAZOLE therapy. A 27-yr-old woman treated with omeprazole 60mg/d for 4-months to alleviate heartburn associated with reflux esophagitis reported a gait disturbance, unsteadiness of stance, a sensation of near-falling.The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 30:192, Feb 1996

ISOTRETINOIN induced pemphigus. Sixty days after a 17-yr-old male was started on isotretinoin 90mg daily for cystic acne, blisters began to develp first on his trunk and then on his face, arms, back, and legs. Acta Derm Venereol 75:413, 1995


DRUG INTERACTION REPORTS [¾à¹°»óÈ£ÀÛ¿ë Á¤º¸]


AMPHOTERICIN B is incompatible with lipid emulsions. A yellow precipitate starts to form within 2-hours after preparing a mixture of 45mg of amphotericin B and 500mL of fat emulsion. A yellow precipitate indicates that the mixture is not stable. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy 30:298, Mar 1996

GRAPE FRUIT JUICE increases the bioavailability of ethinylestradiol. The peak serum concentration and AUC0-8hr of ethinylestradiol was significantly increased when the women received grape fruit juice as compared with when they received herbal tea. Grape fruit juice may inhibit the enzymes in the cytochrome P450 system that are responsible for metabolising ethinylestradiol. Contraception 53:41-47, Jan 1996

PROPOFOL compatibility with other intravenous drug products. There are two new methods of evaluating IV emulsion compatibility. One is an equal volume of propofol injection with methylene blue added and the other is an equal volume of the separated aqueous phase of propofol injection. The mixtures were measured by nephelometry. The Annals of pharmacotherapy 30:228-231, Mar 1996


DRUG R & D NEWS DIGEST
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Click on your interests.



I. INVESTIGATIONAL DRUGS(°³¹ßÁßÀÎ ¾àǰ)


FOREIGN COUNTRIES

CGP-33101 tablets and suspension has similar bioavailability.
The tablet and oral suspension formulations of CGP-33101 [Ciba-Geigy: phase II], currently being studied for its potential use as a novel anticonvulsant. Pharmaceutical Research 12: 1878-1882, Dec 1995

DOFETILIDE has antiarrhythmic effects in atria and ventricles.
Dofetilide [Pfizer: phase III] has selective class III antiarrhythmic effects in both atria and ventricles and, thus, is potentially useful in the management of re-entrant tachyarrhythmias and both atrial and ventricular fibrillations chambers. European Heart Journal 16: 1641-1646, Nov 1995

TROGLITAZONE is an effective treatment for patients with NIDDM.
The oral antihyperglycaemic, troglitazone [Sankyo, Glaxo Wellcone, Warner-Lambert: registered in Japan, phase III elsewhere], is an effective and safe treatment for patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Diabetes Care 19: 151-156, Feb 1996

The k-opioid receptor agonist ENADOLINE [Warner-Lambert: phase II] is an ineffective analgesic in dental surgery.
One hundred patients with pain after dental surgery were randomly assigned to receive IM enadoline 15 mg or 25 mg or oral paracetamol [acetaminophen]/ codeine 600/60 mg or placebo. There was no significant difference in analgesic effect between enadoline and placebo, while paracetamol/codeine was superior in analgesic effect to both enadoline and placebo. Clinical Neuropharmacology 19: 92-97, Feb

1996 CT-2584: broad-spectrum anticancer drug hits mitochondria.
CT-2584 [Cell Therapeutics: phase I] may be a tumour-specific and yet broad-spectrum anticancer agent. It stimulates the enzyme phosphatidyl-choline phospholipase-D, thus increasing inracellular levels of phosphatidic acids to the point where mitochondria are disabled, with internal membrane ruptured. Since the levels of phosphatidic acids are high in tumour cells compared with normal cells, tumour cells are especially vulnerable to the effect of CT-2584. New Scientist 149: 18, 20 Jan 1996

CY-1787 shows a promise in septic shock.
CY-1787 [Cytel Corporation: phase II], a murine monoclonal antibody to E-selectin, is well tolerated and represents a promising form of therapy when administered early to patients with septic shock. Critical Care Medicine 24: 229-233, Feb 1996

DOTARIZINE [Ferrer: phase III] may have anxiolytic action which is mediated by the agent's calcium antagonist activity as well as its inhibitory action on 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 receptors. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 17: 659-668, Dec 1995

The pharmacokinetics of ZOLMITRIPTAN (311C90) [Glaxo Wellcome: phase III] appear suitable for acute oral treatment of migraine, say Glaxo Wellcome researches who evaluated the effects of the novel 5-HT1 receptor agonist, zolmitriptan, in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 41: 141-147, Feb 1996

THIOPERAMIDE [Glaxo Wellcome: preclinical] + ZOLANTIDINE [SmithKline Beecham: preclinical] ameliorated a scopolamine-induced learning deficit in a passive avoidance test in mice.
This ameliorating effect of the histamine H3-receptor antagonist thioperamide and the H2-receptor antagonist zolantidine was antagonised by the H1-receptor antagonist mepyramine [pyrilamine] and by the H3-receptor agonist(R)-a-mehylhistamine. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology 17: 653-658, Dec 1995

MIBEFRADIL [Roche: phase III] is effective in the treatment of asymptomatic myocardial ischemia.
Ambulatory ECG monitoring demonstrated that mibefradil significantly reduced the frequency and duration of asymptomatic myocardial ischemic episodes in a dose-dependent fashion when compared to placeo. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 27: 317-322, Feb 1996

FARANOXI as an effective antineoplastic agent.
The new alkylating agent faranoxi [Lithuania Oncology Center: phase II] has an activity against melanoma, lymphoma and rectal cancer. It was also shown to inhibit DNA synthesis in the bone marrow, spleen and epithelium of the small intestine. Journal of Chemotherapy 8: 67-69, Feb 1996

BRL-32872: a potent antiarrhythmic in animal models.
The combined potassium- and calcium-channel antagonist BRL-32872 [SmithKline Beecham: phase II] has class III antiarrhythmic activity, but a low proarrhythmic potential. Compared with pure class III antiarrhythmics (clofilium, dofetilide and E-4031), BRL-32872 was associated with a significantly lower incidence of ventricular tachycardia and torsade de pointes in anaesthetised rabbits in which methoxamine was administered. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 276: 637-646, Feb 1996

DESIRUDIN prevents deep vein thrombosis after hip replacement surgery.
Desirudin [Ciba-Geigy: phase III] prevents thromboembolic complications in patients undergoing total hip joint replacement. Lancet 347: 635-639, 9 Mar 1996

SIBUTRAMINE [Boots: preregistration] is helping patients reduce their body weight.
It acts as a reuptake inhibitor for both serotonin and noradrenaline, produces sustained body weight loss, and can produce beneficial changes in cholesterol and blood sugar levels in patients with obesity. Pharmaceutical Journal 256: 299, 2 Mar 1996


II. NEW DRUG APPROVAL (½Å¾à½ÂÀÎ) (Nov.1995~Jan.1996)


1. USA

BLEOMYCIN ['Blenoxane': Bristol-Myers Squibb] has been approved by the US FDA for use as a sclerosing agent in malignant pleural effusion. It was shown to be effective in 70-80% of patients with pleural effusion. Prescription Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology: T & G 3, 26 Feb 1996

The combination AMPHETAMINE/ DEXAMPHETAMINE product ['Adderall': Richwood] has gained a supplemental approval by the US FDA for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), hypersomnia and exogenous obesity. Prescription Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology: T & G 4, 26 Feb 1996

Abbott's protease inhibitor, RITOAVIR ['Norvir'] has gained approval in the US. Ritonavir is indicated for the treatment of advanced HIV infection in combination with nucleoside analogues or as monotherapy. Scrip 2109:17, 8 Mar 1996

2. EUROPE

INSULIN LISPRO [ 'Humalog': Eli Lilly] has been launched in its first market, Switzerland, for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Scrip 2103: 22, 16 Feb 1996

TACALCITOL ['Curatoderm': E. Merck] ointment has been launched in the UK for the topical treatment of chronic psoriasis. Marketletter: 22, 19 Feb 1996

The antiestrogen TOREMIFENE ['Fareston': Orion] and the immunosuppresant mycophenolate mofetil ['CellCept': Roche] have been approved under the European Union's(EU's) centralized regulatory process. Scrip 2105: 19, 23 Feb 1996

Liposomal DAUNORUBICIN ['DaunoXome': NeXstar Pharmaceuticals] should gain approval for the treatment of AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma in Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, and Luxembourg. Wall Street Journal: B4, 22 Feb 1996

ZINC HYALURONATE 0.2 % solution ['Curiosin': Gedeon Richter] has been approved in its first market, Hungary, for the treatment of leg ulcers and bed sores. Scrip 2105: 22, 23 Feb 1996

Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc. has launched its new ESTROPIPATE + MEDROXYPROGESTERONE product in the UK. The combination product, which is to be marketed as Improvera, is indicated for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and the prevention of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women with an intact uterus. Scrip 2105: 22, 23 Feb 1996

TETRACAINE GEL ['Ametop': Smith & Nephew] launched in the UK. A topical local anaesthetic gel containing tetracaine 4 % has been launched in the UK to anaesthetise skin before venupuncture or venous cannulation. Phamaceutical Journal 256: 219, 17 Feb 1996

RANITIDINE BISMUTREX ['Pylorid': Glaxo Wellcome] has been introduced in Ireland for the treatment of duodenal and gastric ulcers, the prevention of duodenal ulcer relapse, and the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in combination with clarithromycin or amoxicillin. Scrip 2108: 18, 5 Mar 1996

3. OTHERS

TACROLIMUS ['Prograf': Fujisawa] has been approved in Canada for prophylaxis of allograft rejection and the treatment of refractory rejection in patients undergoing allogeneic liver transplantation. Pharma Japan 1487: 11, 12 Feb 1996, Scrip 2103: 22, 16 Feb 1996

SmithKline Beecham's new beta-blocker CARVEDILOL ['Kredex'] has been launched in Mexico for the treatment of congestive heart failure(CHF). A 67 % reduction in mortality rates has been reported with the use of the drug as an adjunct to standard treatment for CHF. Marketletter. 19, 29 Jan 1996

The aminobisphosphonate ALENDRONIC ACID ['Fosamax'; Merck-Frosst] has been introduced in Canada for the treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and Paget's disease. Scrip 2107: 20, 1 Mar 1996

ZUCLOPENTHIXOL ['Clopixol-Acuphase': Lundbeck] has been launched in Australia for the initial treatment of acute pychosis, mania and exacerbation of chronic pychosis. Australian Journal of Pharmacy 77: 124, Feb 1996

The Australian healthcare regulatory authorities have approved an oral formulation of GANCICLOVIR ['Cymevene': Roche] for the treatment of AIDS-related cytomegalovirus retinitis. Compared with IV ganciclovir, the oral formulation decreases the need for hospitalization, as well as reducing discomfort and the risk of infection. Australian Journal of Pharmacy 77: 122, Feb 1996


III. RESEARCH REPORTS(¿¬±¸º¸°í)


The NSAID LORNOXICAM is effective and well tolerated in patients with acute lower back pain. Eighty three patients with acute lower back pain received IM lornoxicam [Hafslund Nycomed: registered] [chlortenoxicam] 16 mg followed by 8 mg twice daily for 3 days. Ninty three percent of patients rated lornoxicam's tolerability as good. European Journal of Clinical Research 8: 1-13, 1996

TLCC-53: a useful adjunct for ARDS. The liposomal alprostadil formulation TLCC-53 [The Liposome Company: phase III] produces beneficial clinical effects when used as an adjunctive therapy for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome[ARDS]. Compared with placebo, treatment with TLCC-53 resulted in faster improvement in pulmonary function parameters, increased lung compliance, and ability to be weaned from mechanical ventilation, by the end of the treatment period. Critical Care Medicine 24; 10-15, Jan 1996

NAFAMOSTAT reduces inflammatory response to extracorporeal circulation. The protease inhibitor nafamostat [Torii, Banyu: launched for acute pancreatitis and registered for disseminated intravascular coagulation in Japan] has a potential to reduce fluid retention and temporary multi-organ dysfunction caused by the extracorporeal blood manipulation that open-heart surgery requires. Thrombosis and Haemostasis 75; 76-82, Jan 1996

AG-490: cancer cell apoptosis in lymphoblastic leukaemia.
AG-490 selectively inhibited growth of leukaemia cell lines by inducing programmed cell death in vitro and produced beneficial effects in vivo in a mouse model of leukaemia. They say that the enzyme protein tyrosine kinase, Jak-2, is activated in leukaemic cells from patients with relapsing acute lymphoblastic leukaemia(ALL). AG-490 exerts its effect in this indication through inhibition of Jak-2 activity, which is probably a part of the lymphokine-driven uncontrolled growth mechanism of leukaemic cells. Nature 379: 645-648, 15 Feb 1996

Byk Gulden's PNATOPRAZOLE has gained an additional indication in South Africa for its use in combination with antibacterials for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori associated with duodenal ulcer disease. Scrip 2106: 22, 27 Feb 1996


DRUG QUESTION ANALYSIS
[ÀǾàÁ¤º¸ÁúÀǺм®]

---- edited by ±è ÇöÁ¤, ¼­ ¿Á°æ Pharm.D. ----

Q: µþ±¹ÁúÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀº ¹«¾ùÀ̸ç Ä¡·á¹æ¹ýÀº?


µþ±¹Áú(Hiccups, singultus)Àº Ⱦ°æ¸·ÀÇ ºñÀÚ¹ßÀÛ °æ(involuntaryspasm)°ú ±×¿¡ µû¸¥ °ø±âÀÇ È帧À» °¨ÁöÇÏ°í Æ¯Â¡ÀûÀÎ ¼Ò¸®¸¦ ³»´Â ¼º¹®ÀÇ °©ÀÛ½º·±´ÝÈûÀ» ¸»ÇÑ´Ù.(1,2,3,4)
µþ±¹ÁúÀº ÈçÈ÷ ÀϽÃÀûÀ̰ųª ºÒÄè°¨À» ÁÖ´Â Á¤µµÀ̳ª ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ´Â Áúº´À»°¡Áö°í ¹Ýº¹ÀûÀ̰í Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ µÉ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. µþ±¹ÁúÀ» Áö¼Ó±â°£¿¡ µû¶ó Å©°Ô 3±×·ìÀ¸·Î ³ª´©¾î º¼ ¼ö Àִµ¥ ±× ±â°£ÀÌ 48½Ã°£ ÀÌÇÏ À϶§´Â µþ±¹Áú ¹ßÀÛ(hiccups bout), 48½Ã°£ ÀÌ»ó 1´Þ ¹Ì¸¸ À϶§´ÂÁö¼ÓÀûÀÎ µþ±¹Áú(persistent hiccups), 1´Þ ÀÌ»ó À϶§´Â ³­Ä¡¼º µþ±¹Áú(intractable hiccups)¶ó ÇÑ´Ù.(5)

I. ÇØºÎÇÐÀû ¹ß»ý±âÀü

µþ±¹ÁúÀÇ ÇØºÎÇÐÀû ¹ß»ý ±âÀüÀº ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ¹àÇôÁ® ÀÖÁö´Â ¾Ê´Ù.
µþ±¹Áú ¹Ý»çÁßÃß´Â cervical spinal cordÀÇ »óºÎ ¿µ¿ª¿¡ Á¸ÀçÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ÃßÁ¤µÈ´Ù. ±¸½É¼º ½Å°æ(afferent limb)Àº Ⱦ°Ý½Å°æ(phrenic nerve)°ú ¹ÌÁֽŰæ(vagus nerve) ±×¸®°í Èä½Å°æ(thoracic segment) T6-T12À¸·Î ºÎÅÍ »óÇàÇÏ´Â ±³°¨½Å°æ(sympathetic chain)À¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ°í(3, 5,6,7) ¿ø½É¼º ½Å°æ(efferent limb)Àº ÁַΠȾ°Ý½Å°æ(phrenic nerve)À¸·Î ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ® ÀÖ´Ù.(3,6) µþ±¹Áú ¹Ý»çÁßÃß(hiccup rflex center)ÀÇ Á÷Á¢Àû ÀÚ±ØÀ̳ª ±¸½É¼º°ú ¿ø½É¼º ½Å°æÅë·Î¸¦ ÀÚ±ØÇÏ¸é µþ±¹ÁúÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇϸç(3,5,6,7), µþ±¹ÁúÀº ¾çÂÊ È¾°æ¸·(bilateral diaphragm)ÀÇ ¼öÃà¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀϾ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸³ª(7) ´ëºÎºÐ ÁÂÃø ¹ÝȾ°æ¸· (left hemidiaphragm) ÇÑÂʸ¸ÀÇ ¼öÃà°ú °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù.(5,6)

II. ¿øÀÎ

µþ±¹ÁúÀº ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿øÀο¡ ÀÇÇØ ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

1. ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³²¿¡µû¶ó ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î Ä¡À¯µÇ´Â µþ±¹Áú ¹ßÀÛ

°ø±â¿¬ÇÏÁõ, °ú½Ä, °úÀ½, ź»êÀ½·á º¹¿ëÀ̳ª fiberoptic endoscopyµ¿¾ÈÀÇ À§ÀÇ ±î½ºÁÖÀÔ( gastric insufflation) µî¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ º¹ºÎÆØ¸¸À¸·Î ÀÎÇØ µþ±¹ÁúÀ» À¯¹ßµÈ´Ù. ±×¸®°í °©ÀÛ½º·± ȯ°æ ¶Ç´Â À§Àå°ü ¿ÂµµÀÇ º¯È­(Â÷°¡¿î ¹°·Î »þ¿öÇÏ´Â °Í, ¶ß°Ì°Å³ª Â÷°¡¿î À½·á¸¦ ¸¶½Ã´Â °Í µî), ÈïºÐ, Á¤½ÅÀû ½ºÆ®·¹½º, Èí¿¬ µîµµ µþ±¹Áú ¹ßÀÛÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÈ´Ù.(5,6)

2. Áö¼ÓÀûÀÎ µþ±¹Áú°ú ³­Ä¡¼º µþ±¹Áú

Áö¼ÓÀû ¶Ç´Â ³­Ä¡¼º µþ±¹ÁúÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ» Á¤½ÅÀûÀÎ °Í, Á¶Á÷ÀûÀÎ °Í, ¿øÀκҺ´ÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î Å©°Ô 3°¡Áö·Î ³ª´©¾î »ìÆìº¸¸é ¾Æ·¡ÀÇ Ç¥1°ú °°´Ù.(5,6,8)

Ç¥1. Áö¼ÓÀû ¶Ç´Â ³­Ä¡¼º µþ±¹ÁúÀÇ ¿øÀÎ
      1. Psychogenic Causes
                  Stress/excitement
                  Conversion/grief reactions
                  Anorexia nervosa
                  Personality disorders
                  Hysterical neurosis
      2. Organic Causes
          1) Central nervous system
             a. Structural lesions
                  Neoplasms
                  Ventriculoperitoneal shunts
                  Multiple sclerosis
                  Hydrocephalus
                  Syringomyelia
                  Epilepsy
             b. Vascular
                  Ischemic/hemorrhagic strokes
                  Arteriovenous malformations
                  Epidural/subdural hematomas
                  Temporal arteritis
                  Lesions from head trauma/cerebral contusion
             c. Infection
                  Encephalitis
                  Meningitis
                  Brain abscess
                  Neurosyphilis
          2) Peripheral nervous system
              (irritation of phrenic/vagus nerve)
                  Hiatal hernia
                  Diaphragmatic eventraction
                  Inflammation of the diaphragm
                  Intraoperative diaphragmatic irritation
                  Pericarditis
                  Anomalous cardiac pacemaker electrode placement
                  Goiter
                  Tumors/cysts of neck
                  Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
                  Tympanic membrane stimulation
                  Chest trauma
                  Pulmonary neoplasm
                  Pulmonary edema
                  Myocardial infarction
                  Pericarditis
                  Pneumonia
                  Bronchitis
                  Empyema
                  Asthma
                  Esophageal obstruction
                  Esophagitis
                  Gastritis                   
                  Peptic ulcer disease
                  Gastric malignancy
                  Pancreatitis
                  Pancreatic cancer
                  Bowel obstruction
                  Imflammatory bowel disease
                  Cholelithiasis/cholecystitis
                  Renal/hepatic disorders
          3) Metabolic/pharmacologic/infectious
                  General anesthesia
                  Intravenous methylprednisolone/dexamethasone
                  Short-acting barbiturates
                  Diazepam
                  Chlordiazepoxide
                  Methyldopa
                  Alcohol intoxication
                  Sepsis
                  Influenza
                  Herpes zoster
                  Malaria
                  Tuberculosis
                  Uremia
                  Hypocalcemia
                  Hyponatremia
      3. Idiopathic Causes

Áö¼ÓÀû ¶Ç´Â ³­Ä¡¼º µþ±¹ÁúÀº ¸¹Àº ÇÕº´ÁõÀ» À¯¹ßÇϱ⵵ Çϴµ¥ ±× ¿¹·Î´Â ¿µ¾ç°áÇÌ, ¸ö¹«°Ô °¨¼Ò, Çǰï, ±âÁø¸ÆÁø, Å»¼ö, ½ÉºÎÁ¤¸Æ, »óóÀÇ ¿­°³, ºÒ¸éÁõ, ¿ª·ù¼º ½Äµµ¿° µîÀÌ ÀÖ°í µå¹°°Ô µþ±¹Áú·Î »ç¸ÁÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.(5,6,8)

III. Áø´Ü

µþ±¹ÁúÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ» ã°í Ä¡·á°èȹÀ» ¼¼¿ì±â À§Çؼ­´Â history, physical examination, laboratory studiesµîÀ» Åä´ë·Î ¹ß»ýÇÑ µþ±¹ÁúÀ» Á¤È®È÷ Æò°¡ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ Áß¿äÇÏ´Ù.
µþ±¹ÁúÀÇ ½É°¢ÇÑ Á¤µµ, ±â°£, Ư¼º, ±× Àü µþ±¹Áú¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹¦»ç, ¾à·Â°ú ¾ËÄݺ¹¿ëÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÏ´Â medical history, µþ±¹Áú·Î ÀÎÇÑ ÁÖ/°´°üÀû Áõ»ó µîÀ» È®¸³/Æò°¡Çϰí, ¸Ó¸®, ¸ñ, ½ÉÀå, Æó, º¹ºÎ, neurologic system µîÀÇ Æò°¡¸¦ ÅëÇØ ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ´Â Áúº´ÀÌ ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ È®ÀÎÇØ¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. µþ±¹Áú¿¡¼­ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î CBC, ½Å±â´É°ú ÀüÇØÁú Æò°¡ µîÀ» Çϰí chest radiographÀ» Çϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.(5,6,8)

IV. Ä¡·á

µþ±¹ÁúÀÇ º´ÀÎ º´Å»ý¸® µîÀÌ ¸íÈ®ÇÏ°Ô ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖÁö ¾Ê±â ¶§¹®¿¡ ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â µþ±¹ÁúÀÇ Ä¡·á¹ýÀº È®½ÇÇÑ ÀÌ·ÐÀû ±Ù°Å ¶Ç´Â ½ÇÇèÀû ÀÚ·á¿¡ ÀÇÇØ µÞ¹Þħ µÇ´Â °ÍµéÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °æÇèÀûÀÎ °ÍÀÌ ´ëºÎºÐÀÌ´Ù. µþ±¹ÁúÀÇ Ä¡·á´Â ¸ÕÀú, ¿øÀÎÀÌ µÇ´Â ¿äÀÎ ¶Ç´Â Áúº´ÀÌ ¹«¾ùÀÎÁö È®ÀÎÇϰí À̰ÍÀ» Ä¡·á/Á¦°ÅÇÑ´Ù. ¿øÀÎÀÌ ºÐ¸íÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀº °æ¿ì °æÇèÀ» Åä´ë·Î Ä¡·á¸¦ ½ÃÀÛÇÏ°Ô µÇ´Âµ¥, Å©°Ô ¾à¹°Ä¡·á¿Í ºñ¾à¹°Ä¡·á·Î ³ª´©¾î º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

1. ºñ¾à¹°Ä¡·á

ºñ¾à¹° Ä¡·á´Â Áý¿¡¼­ °£´ÜÈ÷ ½ÃÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î ºÎÅÍ µþ±¹Áú ¹Ý»ç ÁßÃßÀÇ ¼ö¼úÀû Á¦°Å¿¡ À̸£±â±îÁö ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¹æ¹ýµéÀÌ ½ÃÇàµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
ºñÀΰ­À» ÀڱؽÃÄÑ hiccup reflex arcÀÇ vagal afferent limbÀ» Â÷´Ü½ÃÄÑ µþ±¹ÁúÀ» ÁߴܽÃŰ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀ¸·Î Çô¸¦ °­Á¦ÀûÀ¸·Î °ßÀÎÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý, ½ºÇÂÀ¸·Î ±¸°³¼ö¸¦ µé¾î¿Ã¸®´Â ¹æ¹ý, ¸éºÀÀ̳ª Ä«Å×Å͸¦ °¡Áö°í Àεθ¦ ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý, ¹°·Î °¡±ÛÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý, Â÷°¡¿î ¹°À» Á¶±Ý¾¿ ¸¶½Ã´Â ¹æ¹ý, ¹é¼³ÅÁ °¡·ç ÇѽºÇÂÀ» »ïŰ´Â ¹æ¹ý, ÄÅÀÇ ÀÔÀ¸·Î ºÎÅÍ ¸Õ ºÎºÐÀ» ÅëÇØ ¹°À» ¸¶½Ã´Â ¹æ¹ý, ·¹¸óÀ»±ú¹«´Â ¹æ¹ý, ammonia ¶Ç´Â amyl nitrite¿Í °°Àº À¯ÇØÇÑ °¡½º¸¦ ÈíÀÔÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý µîÀÌ »ç¿ëµÇ¾î ¿À°í ÀÖ´Ù.(5,6,8)
¹ÌÁֽŰæ Â÷´Ü°ú´Â ¹Ý´ë·Î ¹ÌÁֽŰæÀ» ÀڱؽÃŰ´Â Valsalva maneuverÀÇ ½ÃÇà, °æµ¿¸Æ ¸À»çÁö, ¾È¿Í À§¸¦ ¾Ð¹ÚÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý, ¸Ó¸®Ä«¶ô µîÀ¸·Î °í¸·À» ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý, µðÁöÅ» Á÷Àå¸À»çÁö µîµµ µþ±¹ÁúÀ» ÁߴܽÃ۱âÀ§ÇØ ½ÃÇàÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¹æ¹ýµéÀ̸ç, Ⱦ°Ý½Å°æÀÌ Áö³ª°¡´Â °÷ÀÇ ÇǺο¡¾óÀ½À» ´ë°Å³ª Àü±âÀû ÀÚ±ØÀ»ÁÖ´Â ¹æ¹ý, procain HClÀ» ÁÖ»çÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý, Ⱦ°Ý½Å°æÀ» ¾ÐÂøÇØ ºÎ¼ö°Å³ª¶¼¾î³»°Å³ª Ⱦ´ÜÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý µîÀ¸·Î Ⱦ°Ý½Å°æÀüµµ¸¦ ¹æÇØÇÏ¿© µþ±¹Áú Áß´ÜÀ» ½ÃµµÇϱ⵵ ÇÑ´Ù.(5,6,8)
À̿ܿ¡µµ Àçä±â, ±âħ, ¼ûÀ» ¸ØÃ߰ųª È£ÈíÀ» »¡¸®ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý, ±¸¿ªÁúÀ» À¯µµÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý, °©ÀÛ½º·± ÅëÁõÀ» Áְųª ³î¶ó°Ô ÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý, Á¾À̺ÀÅõ µîÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇØ ÀÔÀ»¸·°í È£ÈíÇØ ü³»CO©ü³óµµ¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃŰ´Â ¹æ¹ý µîÀ¸·Î Á¤»ó È£Èí±â´ÉÀ» ÀϽÃÀûÀ¸·Î ¹æÇØÇÏ¿© µþ±¹ÁúÀ» ÁߴܽÃŰ°Å³ª, ¹«¸­À» °¡½¿À¸·Î ´ç±â°Å³ª ¾ÕÀ¸·Î ±¸ºÎ·Á °¡½¿À» ¾Ð¹ÚÇϰųª Ⱦ°æ¸· À¯ÂøºÎÀ§¸¦ ¾Ð¹ÚÇÏ¿© Ⱦ°æ¸·À»ÀÚ±ØÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý µîµµ ÀÌ¿ëµÈ´Ù.(5,6,8)

2. ¾à¹°Ä¡·á

µþ±¹Áú Ä¡·á¸¦ À§ÇØ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¼±Åà »ç¿ëµÇ°í Àְųª »ç¿ëÇÑ ¿¹°¡ ÀÖ´Â ¸î°¡Áö ¾à¹°À» Á¤¸®Çغ¸¸é ¾Æ·¡ Ç¥2¿Í °°´Ù.

Ç¥2. µþ±¹Áú Ä¡·á¿¡ »ç¿ëµÇ´Â ¾à¹°
     1) Antipsychotics               4) Miscellaneous
           Chlorpromazine                Methylphenidate
           Haloperidol                   Metoclopramide
     2) Anticonvulsants                  Amitriptyline
           Diphenylhydantoin             Nifedipine
           Valproic acid                 Ketamine
           Carbamazepine                 Lidocaine
     3) Muscle relaxant                  Atropine
           Baclofen                      Quinidine

µþ±¹ÁúÀÇ ¹ß»ý±âÀüÀÌ ¸íÈ®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í µþ±¹ÁúÀÇ ¿øÀÎ ¶ÇÇÑ ¸Å¿ì ´Ù¾çÇϸç ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ´Ù¾çÇÑ ¿øÀÎÀÇ µü±¹Áú ȯÀÚ±ºÀ» ¸ðÀº´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾î·Æ±â ¶§¹®¿¡ À§ÀÇ ¾à¹°µéÀÇ È¿°ú¸¦ Æò°¡ÇÑ ½Ç Çè ÀÚ·á´Â °ÅÀÇ Ã£¾Æ º¼ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. ±×·¯³ª µþ±¹Áú Ä¡·á¿¡ »ç¿ëÇØ À¯È¿Çß´Ù´Â °æÇèÀû º¸°íµéÀº ¸¹Àºµ¥ ±×¸¦ °£´ÜÈ÷ ¿ä¾àÇÏ¸é ´ÙÀ½°ú °°´Ù.

1) Antipsychotics
ChlorpromazineÀº µþ±¹ÁúÀ» Ä¡·áÇϱâÀ§ÇØ ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Â phenothiazine°è antipsychoticÀ¸·Î 25-50mgÀ» normal saline 500-1000ml¿¡ È¥ÇÕÇØ IV·Î Åõ¿©Çϴµ¥, IV·ÎÅõ¿© ÇÒ ¶§ °¡Àå ÈçÇÏ°í ½É°¢ ÇÑ ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î´Â ±â¸³¼º ÀúÇ÷¾ÐÀÌ ¹ß»ýÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î 25-50mgÀ» IMÀ¸·Î Åõ¿©Çϰųª °æ±¸·Î Åõ¿©Çϱ⵵ÇÑ´Ù. Butyrophenone°è ½Å°æ¾ÈÁ¤Á¦ÀÎ HaloperidolÀº 2mgÀ» IMÀ¸·Î Åõ¿©Çϸé 1½Ã°£ ¾È¿¡ µþ±¹ÁúÀÌ Áߴܵǰí, À¯Áö¿ë·®À¸·Î 1mgÀ» 1ÀÏ 2ȸ ¶Ç´Â 4ȸ °æ±¸ Åõ¿©ÇßÀ» ¶§ µþ±¹Áú Ä¡·á¿¡ À¯È¿ÇÏ´Ù´Â º¸°íµµ ÀÖ´Ù.(9)

2) Anticonvulsants
AnticonvulsantsÀÎ phenytoin, carbamazepine, valproic acid µîµµ µþ±¹Áú Ä¡·á¸¦ À§ÇØ »ç¿ëµÇ°í Àִµ¥, phenytoinÀº óÀ½ 200mgÀ» 5ºÐ°£¿¡ °ÉÃÄ IV·Î Åõ¿©Çϰí À¯Áö¿ë·®À¸·Î 100mgÀ» 1ÀÏ 4ȸ °æ±¸ Åõ¿©ÇÑ´Ù.(5,6,10) CarbamazepineÀº ´Ù¹ß¼º °æÈ­ÁõÀ» °¡Áö°í Àִ ȯÀÚÀÇ µþ±¹Áú Ä¡·á¿¡ À¯È¿ÇßÀ¸¸ç ¿ë·®Àº 200mgÀ» 1ÀÏ 3ȸ ¶Ç´Â 1ÀÏ 4ȸ °æ±¸Åõ¿© ÇÑ´Ù.(11,12) JacobsonµîÀÇ ½ÇÇè¿¡¼­ valproic acid´Â °¢±â ´Ù¸¥ Á¾·ùÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ» °¡Áö°í ÀÖ´Â µþ±¹Áú ȯÀÚ 5¸íÁß 4¸í¿¡°Ô¼­ 34-96¥ìg/mlÀÇ ÃÖ°í Ç÷Áß³óµµ ¹üÀ§¿¡¼­ È¿°úÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î ³ªÅ¸³µ´Ù.(13) ¿ë·®Àº 15mg/kg¸¦ °æ±¸Åõ¿©ÇÏ°í µþ±¹ÁúÀÌ Áߴܵǰųª ºÎÀÛ¿ëÀÌ ³ªÅ¸³¯¶§±îÁö 2ÁÖ¸¶´Ù 250mg¾¿ Áõ·®½ÃÄ×´Ù. Valproic acid¸¦ ¸ÅÁÖ 250mg¾¿ °¨·® ½ÃÄÑ Åõ¿©¸¦ Áß´Ü ÇßÀ» °æ¿ì ¸ðµÎ µþ±¹ÁúÀÌ Àç¹ßÇßÀ¸¸ç ´Ù½Ã valproic acidÀÇ Åõ¿©·Î µþ±¹ÁúÀº Áß´Ü µÇ¾ú´Ù.

3) Muscle relaxant
BaclofenÀº GABAµ¿Á·Ã¼ÀÎ ÁßÃß¼º ±ÙÀÌ¿ÏÁ¦·Î Ç÷¾×Åõ¼®À» ¹Þ°í Àִ ȯÀÚ ¿¡¼­ 5mgÀ» 1ÀÏ 3ȸ, 10mg 1ÀÏ 2ȸ ¶Ç´Â 1ÀÏ 4ȸ °æ±¸Åõ¿©ÇÏ¿© µþ±¹ÁúÀ» Áß´Ü ½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç,(14,15,16) ¿øÀκҸíÀÇ µþ±¹Áú¿¡ 5mgÀ» 1ÀÏ 3ȸ Åõ¿©ÇÏ¿© À¯È¿Çß´Ù.(16) ±×¸®°í µþ±¹Áú·Î ÀÎÇÑ °úµµÇÑ ¹° ¼·Ãë·Î Àú³ªÆ®·ýÇ÷Áõ¿¡ ºüÁø ȯÀÚ¿¡¼­ 20mg 1ÀÏ 4ȸ ·Î °æ±¸Åõ¿©ÇÏ¿© µþ±¹ÁúÀ» ÁߴܽÃÄ×´Ù.(17)

4) Miscellaneous
Metoclopramideµµ µþ±¹Áú Ä¡·á¿¡ È¿°ú°¡ ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç (5,6,18) »ç¿ë ¿ë·®Àº 10mgÀ» IV ¶Ç´Â IMÀ¸·Î Åõ¿©Çϰí À¯Áö¿ë·®À¸·Î 10-20mgÀ» 1ÀÏ 4ȸ Åõ¿©ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀÌ ÃßõµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.
AmitriptylineÀº ¾ËÄݳ²¿ë°ú ¿­°ø¼º Å»ÀåÀÇ º´·ÂÀ» °¡Áö°í Àִ ȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô 10mg 3ȸ ±×¸®°í ÃëħÀü 25mgÀ¸·Î 1ÀÏ 4ȸ Åõ¿©Çϰųª, 50mg 1ÀÏ 2ȸ Åõ¿©ÇÏ¿© µþ±¹ÁúÀ» Áß´Ü ½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç, °£ÁúȯÀÚ¿¡°Ô 10mg 1ÀÏ 3ȸ Åõ¿©·Î µþ±¹ÁúÀ» ÁߴܽÃÄ×´Ù´Â º¸°í°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.(19,20)
¸¶ÃëÁ¦ÀÎ KetamineÀº º¹ºÎ ¼ö¼úÁß ¶Ç´Â ¼ö¼úÈÄ È¸º¹±âÀÇ µþ±¹¿¡0.4mg/kgÀ» IV·Î Åõ¿©Çϸé À¯È¿Çϸç(21), methylphenidate´Â 20mgÀ» IV·Î Åõ¿©ÇÏ¿© µþ±¹ÁúÀ» Áß´Ü ½ÃÄ×À¸¸ç(7,22) nifedipine 10-20mgÀ» 1ÀÏ3ȸ °æ±¸Åõ¿©·Î µþ±¹ÁúÀ» Ä¡·áÇß´Ù´Â º¸°í°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.(23) LidocaineÀ»loading dose·Î 1mg/kg IV·Î Åõ¿©Çϰí 40ºÐ µ¿¾È 2mg/minÀ¸·Î IV infusionÇÑ ÈÄ 0.5mg/kgÀÇ ¿ë·®À» µÎ¹ø IV·ÎÅõ¿©Çϰí infusion rate¸¦ 4mg/minÀ¸·Î Áõ°¡½ÃÄÑ µþ±¹ÁúÀ» °¨¼Ò½ÃÄ×´Ù´Â º¸°íµµ ÀÖ´Ù.(24) À̿ܿ¡µµ atropine 0.4-1.2mg IV,(4)quinidine sulfate 200mg 1ÀÏ 4ȸ °æ±¸Åõ¿©(4,25)µµ µþ±¹Áú Ä¡·á¿¡ À¯È¿ÇѰÍÀ¸·Î º¸°íµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù.

V. °á·Ð

µþ±¹ÁúÀº ¼º°¡½Ã°í ´Ù¼Ò ºÒÆíÇϳª º¸Åë ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³²¿¡ µû¶ó ÀÚ¿¬ÀûÀ¸·Î¼Ò½ÇµÇ¹Ç·Î Å« ¹®Á¦°¡ µÇÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. Áö¼ÓÀûÀÌ°í ³­Ä¡¼ºÀÎ µþ±¹ÁúÀº À¯ÇØÇÑ ÇÕº´ÁõÀ» ¼ö¹ÝÇϱ⵵ ÇϹǷΠ¿øÀÎÀ» ¹àÇô Ä¡·áÇØÁÖ°í, ¿øÀÎÀ» ãÁö ¸øÇÑ´Ù¸é º¸°íµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â ¿©·¯ °æÇèÀ» Åä´ë·ÎÇÑ ºñ¾à¹° ¹× ¾à¹° Ä¡·á¹æ¹ýÀ» °¡Áö°í Ä¡·á ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.


References

  1. Micomedex Inc. Vol.86 Exp. 31/12/95
  2. Hrrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 15th. P.1233
  3. Newsom Davis J. Experimental study of hiccups. Brain 1970;93:851- 72
  4. Charles D. Lucarelli. Intractable hiccups; areview of causes and current treatment. Hospital pharmacy 1985;20:820-24
  5. Kolodzik PW, Eilers MA. Hiccups(Singultus): Review and approach to management. Ann Emerg Med 1991;20 :565-573
  6. Lewis JH. Hiccups: Causes and cures. J Clin Gastroenterol 1985;7:539-52
  7. Nathan MD, Leshner RT, Keller AP. Intractable hiccups(Singultus). Laryngoscope. 1980; 90:1612-8
  8. Paul Rousseau. Hiccups. So. Med J. 1995;88:175-181
  9. Ives TJ, Fleming MF, Weart CW, Blochd. Treatment of intractable hiccups with intramuscular haloperidol. Am J Psychiatry 1985;142:1360-69
  10. Petroski D, Patel AN. Diphenylhydantoin for intractable hiccups. Lancent 1974;1:7860
  11. McFarling DA, Susac JO. Hoquet diabolique:Intractable hiccups as a manifestation of multiple sclerosis. Neurology 1979;29:797-801
  12. McFarling DA, Susac JO. Carbamazepine for hiccups. JAMA 1974;230:962
  13. Jacobson PL, Messenheimer JA, Farmer TW. Treatment of intractable hiccups with valproic acid. Nerology 1981;31:1458-60
  14. Krahn A, Penner SB. Use of Baclofen for intractable hiccups in uremia. Am J Med 1994;96:1391
  15. Yaqoob M, Prabhu P, Ahmad R. Baclofen for intractable hiccups. Lancent 1989;2:562-563
  16. Burke AM, White AB, Brill N. Baclofen for intractable hiccups. N Engl J Med 1988;319:1354
  17. Ramirez FC, Graham DY. Hiccups, Compulsive water drinking, and hyponatremia. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:649
  18. Baethge BA, Lidsky MD. Intractable hiccups associated with high dose intravenous methylprednisolone therapy. Ann Intern Med 1986;104:58-59
  19. Peabody CA, Dewitt J, Herrin S. Intractable hiccups treated with amitriptyline. Am J Psychiatry 1988;145:1036-37
  20. Stalnikowicz R, Fich A, Troudart T. Amitriptyline for intractable hiccups. N Engl J Med 1986;315:64-65
  21. Shantha TR. Ketamine for the treatment of hiccups during and following anesthesia: Apreliminary report. Anesth Analg 1973;52:822-824
  22. Macris SG. Methylphenidate for hiccups. Anesthesiology 1971;34:200-201
  23. Mukhhhhopadhay P, Osman MR, Wajima T, Wallace TI. Nifedipine for intractable hiccups. N Engl J Med 1986;314:1256
  24. Dunst MN, Margolin K, Horak D. Lidocaine for severe hiccups. N Engl J Med 1993;329:890-891
  25. Williamson BW, Mclntyre IM. Management of intractable hiccups. Br Med J 1977;2:501-503

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